
mmmmm 


ii-f a i! t£» 


■. *; ;|1 n 


























































































































. 






















' 

, 







■ • 













































The 


Kentucky Geological 
Survey 


WILLARD ROUSE JILLSON 

DIRECTOR and STATE GEOLOGIST 



SERIES SIX 

Volume Eleven 


Building Stones 
of Kentucky 

1923 











“KENTUCKY'S WHITE HOUSE” 

The mansion of the Governor of Kentucky viewed from the west cliffside of the Kentucky River at Frankfort. Bowling 
Green oolitic limestone was used in its exterior construction with pleasing effect. 































The 

Building Stones of Kentucky 

A Detailed Report Covering the Examination, Analysis 
and Industrial Evaluation of the Principal 
Building Stone Deposits 
of the State 



BY 

Charles Henry Richardson 

• * 

Assistant Geologist 


Author of 
Economic Geology 
Building Stones and Clays 
Glass Sands of Kentucky, Etc. 


Illustrated with Eighty-Six Photographs 


First Edition 
500 Copies 

i 

» > >> 

> > 

j > ) 

5 » * 

The Kentucky Geological Survey 
Frankfort, Ky. 


1923 


TfY <?«■/ 

■ Ki- 7? 5 


\ 


PRINTED BY 

The State Journal Company 
Frankfort, Ky. 


LIBRARY OF < ONGRESS 

RECEIVED 



I 1223 


DOCUMENTS DIVISION 








£ 


Letter of Transmission 


Dr. Willard Rouse Jillson, 

Director and State Geologist, 

The Kentucky Geological Survey, 

Frankfort, Kentucky. 

Dear Sir: 

Permit me to transmit herewith my illustrated manuscript 

entitled, the Building Stones of Kentucky. 

• • 

The field work for the preparation of this report was done 
during the summers of 1921 and 1922. The time at my disposal 
proved inadequate to cover the entire state. However, more 
than one hundred of the one hundred and twenty counties of 
the state were visited, and their building stone possibilities are 
described herein. 

It is hoped that the report w T ill contribute somewhat to the 
literature of the country on building stones and prove of service 
not only to the people of the state of Kentucky, but also to 
quarrymen and manufacturers of building stone elsewhere in 
the commercial development of the building stone deposits of 
this state. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Charles H. Richardson, 

Assistant Geologist. 

Frankfort, Ky. r 
Aug. 24, 1922. 

































Author's Preface 


The object in preparing this report upon the building 
stones of Kentucky is mainly to present to the general public 
through libraries, boards of trade, chambers of commerce, man¬ 
ufacturers of building stones, architects, engineers and contrac¬ 
tors, unfamiliar with the building stone resources of Kentucky, 
some information of general interest and value upon the building 

4 

stone possibilities of the state. 

It seemed advisable to take up the study of this problem of 
investigation because there was no definite report dealing directly 
with the building stones of Kentucky, no samples so far as known 
had been polished to show the adaptability of the building stones 
for decorative and interior work, and no microscopic slides had 
ever been made to ascertain the optical properties of the es¬ 
sential minerals and to detect objectionable accessory constitu¬ 
ents. 

In connection with this work the author visited most of the 
quarries in more than one hundred of the one hundred and 
twenty counties of the state. In selection no discrimination was 
made between the quarries capable of producing structural stone 
and those used only in the preparation of road building material. 
Much valuable material was incidentally collected which it is 
hoped may later find expression in a report upon the road build¬ 
ing rocks of Kentucky. 

Several hundred photographs were taken in the field. With 
but a few exceptions where credit has been given all photographs 
which appear as half-tone illustrations in this work were taken 
by the author personally. About one hundred and eighty rock 
samples were collected, trimmed three by four inches, labeled 
and placed on exhibition in the museum of the Kentucky Geologi¬ 
cal Survey. Approximately twenty-five samples trimmed three 
by four inches have been polished to show the susceptibility of 
the stone to polish and its value for decorative interior work. 



Fifteen microscopic slides have been made about one-thousandth 
of a millimeter in thickness for study under polarized light. 
By this investigation the texture of the building stones, their 
mineralogical composition and their life history may be the bet¬ 
ter understood. 

The author recognizes his especial indebtedness to Dr. Wil¬ 
lard Rouse Jillson, State Geologist, for his many suggestions and 
hearty co-operation; to Dr. Alfred M. Peter, of the Experiment 
Station, Lexington, Ky., for the large number of chemical analy¬ 
ses which accompany this report; to Prof. Arthur M. Miller, 
Professor of -Geology at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. 
Ky., for his kindly assistance in locating quarries and his many 
helpful suggestions; to the many superintendents of quarries and 
to the county road engineers for their respective courtesies and 
timely assistance, and to all others who in any measure have 
aided in the preparation of this work. 


w 

Contents 


Letter of Transmission . v 

CONTENTS* . ix 

Illustrations . x 

Chapter I. Introduction . 1 

Chapter II. Minerals of Building Stones. 3 

Chapter III. Physical Properties and Weathering of 

Building Stones . 17 

Chapter IV. Sedimentation . 27 

Chapter V. Description of Microscopic Slides. 51 

Chapter VI. Eastern Kentucky . 61 

Chapter VII. Central Kentucky or the Bluegrass 

Section . 109 

Chapter VIII. The Mississippian Outcrops of Central, 

Southern and Western Kentucky. 203 

Chapter IX. The Western Coal Field. 249 

Chapter X. The Jackson Purchase. 255 

Chapter XI. Analyses of Limestones, Marbles and 

Sandstones . 259 

Chapter XII. Resume and Volume of Production.. 325 

Chapter XIII. Bibliography of Building Stones. 333 



















Illustrations 


Page 

Frontispiece—“K entucky’s White House”. ii 

No. 1. Ashland Railroad Station. 63 

No. 2. Harkins Law Building. 73 

No. 3. John C. C. Mayo College. 76 

No. 4. County Jail . 78 

No. 5. Quarry Site . 86 

No. 6. Quarry Prospect . 87 

No. 7. Retaining Wall ... 88 

No. 8. StOne Residence . 89 

No. 9. Limestone Quarry ... 91 

No. 10. W. J. Sparks Company Quarry. 95 

No. 11. Presbyterian Church, Winchester, Ky. 98 

No. 12. Dr. Howard Van Antwerp Quarry. 99 

No. 13. Dr. Howard Van Antwerp Quarry.;._v. 100 

No. 14. Mill of the Bluegrass Quarries Company. 102 

No. 15. Quarry of the Kentucky Bluestone Company. 103 

No. 16. Quarried Blocks of Bluestone. 104 

No. 17. New Baptist Church. 105 

No. 18. Bourbon County Quarry. 112 

No. 19. First Methodist Episcopal Church. 114 

No. 20. Kentucky River Marble.'. 123 

No. 21. Clays Ferry Quarry. 124 

No. 22. Residence on Boone’s Creek. 125 

No. 23. Jesse Quarry, Fayette County, Ky. 127 

No. 24. City Hall, Lexington, Ky. 128 

No. 25. Postoffice, Lexington, Ky. 129 

No. 26. Central Christian Church, Lexington, Ky. 130 

No. 27. Good Shepherd Chapel, Lexington, Ky. 131 

No. 28. Retaining Wall . 135 

No. 29. J. B. Blanton Quarry. 136 

No. 30. Frankfort Stone Company Quarry. 137 

No. 31. Ingleside . 133 

No. 32. Paynter Residence . 139 

No. 33. Howser and McDonald Residences. 139 

No. 34. Methodist Church, Frankfort, Ky. 140 

No. 35. Guard Wall, Frankfort, Ky. 141 

No. 36. iState Reformatory Wall, Frankfort, Ky. 142 

No. 37. Retaining Wall, Frankfort, Ky. 143 

No. 38. The Old Capitol, Frankfort, Ky. 143 

No. 39. Daniel Boone Monument, Frankfort, Ky. 144 

No. 40. The Governor’s Mansion, Frankfort, Ky. 145 

No. 41. J. Q. Ward Quarry, Cynthiana, Ky. 143 

No. 42. J. R. Poindexter Quarry, Cynthiana, Ky..... 149 

No. 43. Christian Church, Cynthiana, Ky.’ i 50 

No. 44. City Work House Quarry, Louisville, Ky. 152 

No. 45. Henry Bickle Quarry, Louisville, Ky. 158 

No. 46. Abandoned Quarry . -^5 

No. 47. Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Z.'Z.'.".' ZZZ."." 156 



















































Page 

No. 48. Carnegie Library, Louisville, Ky. 157 

No. 49. Christ Church Cathedral, Louisville, Ky. 158 

No. 50. City Penitentiary, Louisville, Ky. 159 

No. 51. City Jail, Louisville, Ky. 160 

No. 52. High Bridge Quarry.,. 162 

No. 53. Wilmore Quarry, Wilmore, Ky. 163 

No. 54. William B. Glass Company Warehouse. 164 

No. 55. Parochial School, Covington, Ky. 165 

No. 56. City Quarry, Richmond, Ky. 168 

No. 57. Postoffice, Richmond, Ky. 169 

No. 58. Estes Quarry, Lebanon, Ky. 170 

No. 59. Tyrone Quarry . 175 

No. 60. Residence of Thomas S. Moore, Bardstown, Ky. 182 

No. 61. County Jail, Bardstown, Ky. 183 

No. 62. City Hall, Georgetown, Ky.,. 191 

No. 63. St. Rose Catholic Church, St. Rose, Ky. 195 

No. 64. Outside Stone Chimney, Springfield, Ky.. 196 

No. 65. Residence of George M. Baker. 198 

No. 66. Gateway to “Hereford Farm”. 199 

No. 67. Katterjohn Quarry, Cedar Hill, Ky. 210 

No. 68. Cooks Stone Company Quarry..*. 213 

No. 69. A Rock Crusher, Hopkinsville, Ky. 214 

No. 70. City Bank and Trust Company. 214 

No. 71. First Baptist Church, Hopkinsville, Ky. 215 

No. 72. Beautiful Formations in Colossal Cavern. 217 

No. 73. Colonnade of Mexican Onyx. 218 

No. 74. Silman Quarry, Stephensburg, Ky. 222 

No. 75. Stalactites of Mexican Onyx. 224 

No. 76. Soldiers Monument, Russellville, Ky.. 230 

No. 77. Bowling Green Quarries Cutting Plant. 236 

No. 78. Dimension Blocks . 237 

No. 79. Postoffice, Bowling Green, Ky. 238 

No. 80. Citizens National Bank, Bowling Green, Ky. 239 

No. 81. First Baptist Church, Bowling Green, Ky. 240 

No. 82. Gateway to City Park, Bowling Green, Ky. 241 

No. 83. State Street Methodist Church. 242 

No. 84. Slim Island Quarry. 243 

No. 85. Postoffice, Paducah, Ky. 257 










































Building Stones 
of Kentucky 




CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTION 


A small part of the field work upon which this report is 
based was done during the summer of 1920 in conjunction with 
the author’s work on the Glass Sands of Kentucky. However, 
most of the work was done during the months of June, July, 
August and September, 1921. It was completed during the 
summer of 1922. The best known localities for the occurrence 
of building stones were first visited, and then a systematic visita¬ 
tion was made of the various quarries in all counties traversed 
by railroads and some counties that the railroads do not enter. 
Over one hundred of the one hundred and twenty counties of 
the State were visited. The time at the author’s disposal was 
inadequate to visit a few counties remote from railroads, and 
for this reason it is known that some isolated quarries have not 
been listed or examined. 

The State of Kentucky naturally divides itself into five 
distinct districts for investigation and description of its building 
stones. These may be listed as follows: (1) Eastern Kentucky, 
including the Knobs. (2) Central Kentucky, or the Bluegrass 
Section. (3) The Mississippian Outcrops, or central, southern 
and western Kentucky. (4) The Western Coal Fields. (5) The 
Jackson Purchase. In the description of the building stones 
of the State this order will be followed. 

The above mentioned sections were studied to ascertain the 
approximate area of the different terranes involved, to deter¬ 
mine their relative thickness and their mineral composition, both 
essential and accessory, their susceptibility to a polish and their 
value for constructional, inscriptional and decorative work. 

Two samples were collected from most of the quarries 
visited and sent to Frankfort. One sample can be seen in the 
Museum of the Kentucky Geological Survey. The other is 
intended for exhibition in the State Historical Museum. Several 
smaller samples were collected for chemical and microscopic 
analysis. Dr. Arthur M. Peter, State Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Lexington, Kentucky, who has long been engaged in 
chemical investigations, had previously analyzed a large number 
of rock samples from the State. Many of these results will 


B. s— 1 


2 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


appear in the subsequent portions of this work. Several micro¬ 
scopic slides have been made, and the optical mineralogy and 
petrography of the rocks studied in the author’s laboratory at 
Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y., will throw some new light 
on the early geologic history of the State. 

A large number of photographs of buildings in Kentucky 
were taken to accompany this work. These represent stone 
structures such as libraries, courthouses, postoffices, banks, 
churches, business blocks, outside chimneys, retaining walls, 
foundations, etc. Views of quarries showing their size, the 
various methods of quarrying, and the thickness of the individual 
beds of building stones, are also shown. Attention has been 
given to the means and cost of transportation from given quar¬ 
ries to the nearest railroad station, and to the possibilities of 
shipping the stone beyond the borders of the State. 

The above investigations have led to the conclusion that the 
building stones of Kentucky naturally fall into three classes: 
(1) Limestones. (2) Marbles. (3) Sandstones. They may also 
be classified from a different viewpoint, as: (1) Those adapted 
to local consumption only. (2) Those well suited for construc¬ 
tional work within the borders of the State. (3) Those that by 
their color, texture and purity have already won, or may win, 
a national reputation. The widest reputation gained thus far 
by any building stone within the State belongs to the Bowling 
Green oolitic limestone which in many ways resembles the Bed¬ 
ford, Indiana, oolitic limestone that is justly popular as a con¬ 
structional stone. 

It was hoped that adequate time would be given for a 
detailed petrographic study of all of the building stones within 
the State, but a miseroscopic investigation under polarized light 
of samples from all the quarries visited would require a much 
longer period of time than could be allotted to this work. 

A carefully prepared bibliography, showing it is believed 
the more important publications relating to building stones in 
general and especially those of Kentucky, accompanies this 
report. 



CHAPTER II. 

MINERALS OP BUILDING STONES 


The term building stones as here used embraces all those 
forms of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that are 
utilized for structural or decorative purposes, whether that use 
is large, like the oolitic limestones of Bowling Green, Kentucky, 
or small, like the ophicalcites, which consist of a mixture of 
serpentine with calcite. 

The igneous rocks are sparingly present in Kentucky. A 
sample of granite reported to have come from Black Mountain in 
the southeastern part of the State is preserved in the collection 
of the Kentucky Geological Survey at Frankfort. But this 
igneous rock is certainly not indigenous to that region. Like 
many another odd rock specimen, it has been transported from 
elsewhere. Granites are not known to occur in Kentucky. 

There are, however, peridotite dikes of igneous origin in 
Elliott and Lawrence Counties in the eastern part of the State, 
and in Caldwell, Crittenden and Livingston Counties in the 
western part of the State. Most of these dikes are very narrow 
and much altered or decomposed near the surface. The Kimber¬ 
lite dikes of Elliott County have furnished the freshest samples 
of any seen by the author from the peridotite group of rocks 
in Kentucky. 

In the discussion which follows an attempt has been made 
to give the reader some of the more salient geological and minera- 
logical features, both natural and aritficial, to enable the archi¬ 
tect and engineer by simple tests to determine what objectional 
constituents, if any, are present and thereby select wisely mate¬ 
rial that will last well and be harmonious in its environment. 
Furthermore an effort is made to show that excellent building 
stones are more widely distributed and of more varied types 
within the State than was formerly supposed. 

Minerals of Building Stones 

Definition. A mineral is an inorganic substance occurring 
in nature with a fairly definite chemical composition. It usually 
possesses a definite crystalline structure which sometimes finds 
expression in external geometrical forms or outlines. 


4 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The result of certain processes carried out in the laboratory 
is the production of salts with the same chemical composition 
as the corresponding minerals. These artificial products are 
not minerals for they were not formed in the laboratory of 
nature. 

A rock is any mineral or mineral aggregate that forms an 
essential part of the earth. To be a geological formation it must 
represent a mapable area. The igneous rocks may occur either as 
eruptive® that have flowed out over the surface of older forma¬ 
tions. or as irruptives in stocks, sheets, dikes, etc., that appear 
at the surface only through continental denudation. As already 
noted, the igneous rocks are of very limited occurrence in 
Kentucky. 

The sedimentary rocks occur in stratified beds. In some 
instances the planes of stratification are lost. Almost all of 
the rocks of Kentucky are of sedimentary origin. 

Number. The number of minerals necessary in the forma- 
tion of a given type of building stone is exceedingly small. 
Calcite is the only mineral necessary in statutary marble. Anal¬ 
yzed samples of this marble from western Vermont have given 
99.5 per cent calcite and .5 per cent silica. A sandstone may 
consist of little more than grains of quartz held together by the 
pressure to which they have been subjected. A true syenite 
requires but two minerals, orthoclase and hornblende. A granite 
demands the presence of quartz and orthoclase; and usually some 
ferromagnesian mineral is present, as biotite or hornblende. 

A miscroscopic examination of building stones usually adds 
a few minor minerals to the requisite number for a given type 
of rock. These are of importance in the weathering of a stone, 
but not necessary in its commercial definition. 

Classification, The minerals of building stones are classi¬ 
fied as essential and accessory, or as original and secondary. The 
essential minerals determine the definition of a given type of 
rock. Quartz is essential in a sandstone, quartz and orthoclase 
in a granite. An accessory mineral is one that is usually present 
but of minor importance. Its presence may be recognized micro¬ 
scopically or macroscopically. For example, apatite or mag¬ 
netite may occur in a granite. 





MINERALS OF BUILDING STONES 


o 


An original mineral as applied to the necessary constituents 
of building stones is one that was present when solidification 
first occurred. It is always an essential mineral. Apatite and 
zircon when present in granites are among the first minerals to 
solidify from an acid magma yet they are not essential to the 
commercial definition of a granite. A secondary mineral is one 
that is derived from some other mineral or minerals either by the 
chemical action of percolating waters or by molecular rearrange¬ 
ment. Olivine is an essential mineral in peridotite while ser¬ 
pentine results from the loss of the iron and the hydration of 
the magnesium in olivine. 

In order to best understand the nature of structural stones 
some knowledge of mineralogy is necessary. Even a descriptive 
elementary method of treating minerals has some value. It 
would not seem advisable to enter into detail to any consider¬ 
able extent for most minerals may be recognized by a few 
simple tests. These will enable an architect or engineer to 
arrive easily at his definition of a given type of structural stone. 

Essential. The number of minerals occurring as essential 
constituents in building stones is exceedingly small. The list 
may be summed up in the various varieties of quartz; four fami¬ 
lies, the feldspars, micas, amphiboles, pyroxenes; three anhy¬ 
drous silicates, olivine, epidote, nephelite, or the variety eleolite; 
three hydrous silicates, talc, serpentine, chlorite; three carbon¬ 
ates, calcite, aragonite, dolomite; and one sulphate, gypsum. 

Non-essential. The non-essential minerals are vastly 
greater in number but they occur in small proportions and often 
of microscopic size. The presence of some of these is exceedingly 
deleterious while others are harmless. These may be summed 
up in two elements, four sulphides, two carbonates, seven oxides, 
one phosphate, one chloride, one fluoride, together with several 
anhydrous and hydrous silicates. A brief statement concerning 
the more important of these minerals will suffice. 

Description of Minerals 

The following description of minerals is taken bodily from 
the author’s textbook on Building Stones and Clays, pp. 3-14 
inclusive: (All rights reserved.) 




6 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Quartz. Quartz is an oxide of silicon, Si0 2 . It is 7 in the 
scale of hardness, 2.65 in specific gravity, vitreous in luster, 
insoluble in the common mineral acids. It can easily he recog¬ 
nized by its insolubility, its luster and superior hardness to all 
other essential minerals in building stones. It is one of the most 
widely distributed of all minerals. It composes most of the sands 
of the seashore and river plains. It is essential in all sandstones 
and mica schists. It is present in all granites, gneisses, quartz¬ 
ites, liparites, etc. The quartz grains in fragmental sandstones 
have sometimes undergone a secondary growth by a deposition 
of crystallized silica with like orientation to the original nucleus. 

Quartz is furthermore one of the most indestructable of 
minerals for there is no higher oxide of silicon. The fluid 
cavities sometimes found in quartz cause the rock mass rich in 
silica to scale after being subjected to the heat of a burning 
building. 

The Feldspars. The term feldspar is a family name 
embracing a group of minerals with many characteristics in 
common. They are silicates of aluminum with either potassium, 
sodium, or calcium present, while magnesium and iron are 
always absent. There are many intermediate species between the 
sodium and calcium members which are connected with each 
other by insensible gradations. Some of the common character¬ 
istics of the family are as follows: (1) Crystallization in the 
monoclinic or triclinic systems with a close resemblance among 
the different species in general habit, cleavage angle and method 
of twinning. (2) Colors shading from white to green or red. 
(3) Hardness falling between 6 and 6.5. (4) Specific gravity 

generally between 2.5 and 2.75. 

Orthoclase, K 2 0, A1 2 0 3 , 6Si0 2 , is an acid feldspar occur¬ 
ring as an essential constituent in all granites, most gneisses 
and true syenites. It is easily recognized by a possible cleavage 
angle of 90 degrees and the absence of striations on all cleavage 
planes. It fuses at 5 and is insoluble in mineral acids. 

Microline crystallizes in the triolinic system. Its chemical 
composition is the same as that of orthoclase, K.,0, AI. ( 0„, 6SiO.,. 
It often shows a peculiar shade of green which aids in distin¬ 
guishing the crystals from those of the other feldspars. In case 



MINERALS OF BUILDING STONES 


7 


of the building stones it often requires a microscopic examina¬ 
tion to establish the difference. Its home is with the acid 
and intermediate irruptives. 

Plagioelase is the term often given to designate the remain¬ 
ing members of the ifeldspar family all of which are triclinic in 
system of crystalization. They are albite, oligoclase, andesine, 
labradorite and anorthite. 

Albite, as the name implies, is usually white in color. Its 
formula is Na 2 0, Al.,0.,, 6Si0 2 . It fuses at 4 and is insoluble 
in mineral acids. It occurs in many granites along with ortho- 
clase and is usually distinguishable by its greater whiteness. In 
some highly colored granites the few white crystals present are 
albite. When it occurs as the essential feldspar with hornblende 
it constitutes a diorite. 

Gligocla.se is intermediate in composition between albite and 
anorthite. It fuses at 3.5 to an enamel-like glass and is imper¬ 
fectly acted upon by mineral acids. It is often recognized by 
fine striations or parallel lines on some cleavage plane. Its home 
is with both the irruptives and the eruptives. 

Andesine is also intermediate between albite and anorthite. 
Tt fuses in thin splinters before the blowpipe and is imperfectly 
soluble in mineral acids. Its color is usually white or gray. It 
gives definition to the rock called andesite. It occurs in some 
syenites and porphyries. 

Labradorite is more basic than the preceding feldspar. It 
fuses at 3 to a colorless glass and is partially soluble in HC1. 
It shades in color from gray to green and often presents a 
beautiful iridescence, especially when polished, in which blue 
and green are predominant colors, but yellow and fire-red colors 
also occur. It is often finely striated upon the cleavage planes. 
It occurs with hypersthene in the building stone known as norite. 
Its home is also with gabbros, diabases and dolerites. 

Anorthite is the most basic member of the feldspar family. 
Its formula is CaO, A1 2 0.,, 2Si0 2 . It fuses at 5 to a colorless 
glass and is soluble in HC1 with a separation of gelatinous silica. 
In color it shades from white to red. Its home is with the basic 
intrusives. Some of the New England diabases bearing anor¬ 
thite constitute the finest road metal. 





8 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


It is important before selecting any granite for a massive 
structure to examine carefully microscopic slides of the stone. 
If the feldspar has already suffered kaolinization the rock should 
be rejected. The microscope often reveals cavities and flaws so 
filled with impurities and products of decomposition as to render 
the feldspar quite opaque. Such a building stone will not long 
withstand the destructive effects of weathering agencies. 

The color often imparted to granites, gneisses and quartz 
porphyries is due to the color of the prevailing feldspar. In the 
red granites the pigment in the feldspar is ferric iron. In the 
green granites it has been attributed to ferrous iron and in the 
delicately pink granites to manganese. 

The Micas. The mica family includes a series of closely 
related minerals characterized by a highly perfect basal cleav¬ 
age. They are easily separable into plates varying in thickness 
from one thousandth to one fifteen hundreth of an inch in thick¬ 
ness. Thev all fall in the monoclinic system. 

« •/ 

Muscovite, chemically considered, is an orthosilicate of 
aluminum, potassium and hydrogen. It is known also as the 
potassium mica or the white mica. In some light colored gran¬ 
ites it is practically the only mica present. This holds especially 
true of the white granite of Bethel, Vermont. The thin laminae 
of muscovite are flexible and spring back with considerable force 
into normal position when bent. Tts hardness is 2.3. Its gravity 
is 2.9. Muscovite is inslouble in the mineral acids, and when 
it bears no iron it possesses greater powers of endurance than 
the other members of the mica family. 

Biotite is also an orthosilicate of aluminum, potassium, 
hydrogen, magnesium and iron. It is known as the iron mica 
and the black mica. The presence of iron favors decomposition 
for when the mineral is once coated with a thin film of the oxide 
of iron it is rapidly disintegrated. Biotite is 2.8 in hardness and 
sometimes reaches a specific gravity of 3. The presence of large 
quantities of biotite in a granite increases the weight per cubic 
foot, and decreases the life of the stone. The finely pulverized 
mineral is decomposed by sulphuric acid with a separation of the 
silica in minute scales. 

Phlogopite is closely related to biotite in composition, but 
carries less iron. It is known as the magnesium mica, or amber 





MINERALS OF BUILDING STONES 


9 


mica, on account of its amber-like reflections. It often exhibits 
asterism in transmitted light. Its hardness is 2.7 and its specific 
gravity 2.8. It is completely decomposed by sulphuric acid with 
a separation of the silica in minute scales. The home of phlogo- 
pite is with the marbles and serpentines in which it often becomes 
an objectionable 'constituent. 

Lepiclomelane is in part an orthosilicate and in part a more 
basic compound. It is chiefly characterized by a large amount of 
ferric iron. It is best regarded as a variety of biotite. 

The presence of the various micas in limestones, dolomites 
and marbles may be regarded as objectionable for they are dif¬ 
ficult to polish and scale off easily, leaving the stone pitted. In 
such rocks the micas are of secondary origin. In the granites 
and gneisses the micas are of primary origin. They should be 
uniformly scattered throughout the stone in fine scales, for with 
their perfect cleavage they themselves constitute an element of 
weakness. When in spherical aggregations as in the granite of 
Craftsbury, Vermont, they give rise to the orbicular granites. 

The Amphiboles. The amphibole family includes a group 
of minerals that crystalize in the orthorhombic, monoclinic and 
triclinic systems. Those occurring in building stones fall in the 
monoclinic system and the representatives are tremolite, actino- 
lite and hornblende. 

Tremolite is a silicate of calcium and magnesium. Hardness 
of 5.5 and specific gravity of 3. It sometimes appears as short, 
stout prisms, and sometimes columnar, or fibrous. It is an 
objectionable constituent as a secondary mineral in marbles, for 
the stone becomes pitted through the loss of lime and the falling 
out of the minute crystals of tremolite. Furthermore, the 
mineral often changes color from a pure white when quarried 
to a dirty gray upon exposure to the atmosphere. 

Actinolite is closely related to tremolite in composition, 
but lias a little of the magnesium replaced by iron which imparts 
bright green or grayish color to the mineral. Hardness of 5.o 
and gravity of 3.1. The crystals are short, bladed, columnar 
and fibrous. Its home is with the metamorphics. 

Hornblende is an aluminous variety of amphibole. Hard¬ 
ness 5.5 to 6. Specific gravity 3.2. Its color is often greenish 








10 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


black to black. It is an essential constituent in certain granites 
like the granite of Quincy, Mass., gneisses, schists and diorites. 
The crystals are often long and prismatic. The mineral may 
easily be identified by its black color and cleavage angles of 56 
and 124 degrees. The cleavage is far more pronounced than it 
is in the pyroxenes. 

The Pyroxenes. The pyroxene family embraces a number 
of species that fall in the orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic 
systems of crystallization. The metasilicates of calcium, mag¬ 
nesium and iron are the most prominent members of the groups. 
They all present a fundamental prismatic form with an angle 
of 87 or 93 degrees parallel with which there is a pronounced 
prismatic cleavage. 

Enstatite is a metasilicate of magnesium, MgO, Si0 2 . Its 
hardness is 5.5 and specific gravity 3.2. In color it is often gray, 
but when iron displaces a part of the magnesium the mineral is 
bronze-like in color. Its home is in the peridotites and the ser¬ 
pentines derived from them. In its hydration talc is the meta- 
morphic product. 

Hypersthene, (Fe,Mg)0, Si0 2 . Hardness 5.5. Specific 
gravity 3.4. In color the mineral shades from a dark brownish 
green to a greenish black. Hypersthene is an essential consti¬ 
tuent of certain so-called granites like the Keeseville, N. Y., 
norite. It is also found in some gabbros and andesites. It some¬ 
times produces black knots in the norites. These represent a 
basic segregation in the cooling of the magma from which norite 
is derived. The presence of much hypersthene is undesirable, 
for the mineral, on account of its iron content, is easilv deeom- 
posed on exposure to the corrosive agents of the atmosphere. 

Augite is for the most part a normal metasilicate of calcium, 
magnesium and iron. Hardness 5.5. Specific gravity 3.4. Its 
color is usually green or greenish black and the crystals are short, 
thick and prismatic. Its cleavage angles of approximately 87 
and 93 degrees, together with its grayish green color, readily 
distinguish it from hornblende. It occurs sparingly in some 
building stones like the nordmarkite of Mount Ascutney, Ver¬ 
mont. It is an essential constituent with the triclinic feldspars 
in diabase and basalt. By a conversion of the augite into horn¬ 
blende the latter rocks pass into the diorites. 



MINERALS OF BUILDING STONES 


11 


The Nephelite Group. The only member of the nepheline 
group of minerals occurring as an essential constituent in build¬ 
ing stones is nephelite. It is an orthosilicate of aluminum, 
sodium and potassium. Its hardness is 5.8. Its specific gravity 
is 2.65. Its home is with the intermediate and basic rocks rather 

n 

than with the acidic. The syenites bearing the variety of nephel¬ 
ite known as eleolite often present a greasy appearance sugges¬ 
tive of an oiled surface. Free quartz is absent, for if an excess 
of silica sufficient to form quartz had been present in the magma 
then the acid feldspars would have been formed instead of 
nephelite. Its presence in a building stone is easily established 
by pulverizing a few grams of the rock and digesting it with 
concentrated HC1 or dilute HNO ;; when, in the presence of 
nephelite, the silica of this mineral will separate out as a gelat¬ 
inous product of decomposition. 

The Chrysolite Group. The one important member of this 
group is the orthosilicate of magnesium and iron, olivine, in 
which the ratio of the magnesium to the iron varies widely. 
Some analyzed samples have shown this ratio as 16 :1, others as 
2 :1. Its hardness is 6.7. Its specific gravity is 3.3. The mineral 
is named from its olive green color. Its home is with the basic 
and ultrabasic rocks. In its metamorphism it passes into ser¬ 
pentine which sometimes becomes a highly decorative structural 
stone yet better suited for decorative interior work. 

The Epidote Group. The one important member of this 
group of minerals is epidote itself. Its hardness is 6.8. Its 
specific gravity is 3.3. It is an orthosilicate of calcium, alumi¬ 
num and iron with a little water of crystallization. It is of a 
peculiar pistachio green color seldom represented by other min¬ 
erals. It is sometimes found sparingly in granites as at Enfield, 
N. II., and is a common constituent of many gneisses, schists 
and serpentines. 

The Hydrous Silicates. The three hydrous silicates of con¬ 
siderable significance in structural and decorative stones are 
chlorite, serpentine and talc. 

Chlorite. The term chlorite embraces a considerable num¬ 
ber of minerals closely related to the micas, but differing from 
them in brittleness and in a larger percentage of water Chem¬ 
ically considered the chlorites are silicates of aluminum, iron and 





12 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


magnesium, with chemically combined water. They are char¬ 
acterized by their green color, perfect cleavage and inelastic 
foliae. Their hardness varies but approximates to 2.5 and their 
specific gravity falls between 2.5 and 2.9. Chlorites are secon¬ 
dary minerals derived from the alteration of amphiboles, pyrox¬ 
enes and micas. 

The mineral imparts a green color to the chlorite schists 
which often consist of scales of chlorite and grains of sand. 
Chlorite is the ferromagnesian mineral in certain gneissoid 
granites like that of Lebanon, N. H., which was first classified 
as a protogene gneiss. The chlorite is here derived from the 
metamorphism of biotite. 

Serpentine is a hydrous silicate of magnesium, 3MgO, 
2SiO.,, 2II.,0. Hardness varying from 2 to 4. Its specific 
gravity is 2.65. It occurs in varying shades of green, sometimes 
greenish black. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, but 
it is the massive form that finds use as a decorative stone. When 
it occurs with calcite, magnesite and dolomite it constitutes the 
verd antique marbles. It sometimes occurs as minute green 
patches scattered through other marbles where its presence is 
objectionable. It occurs also as a metamorphic product resulting 
from the alteration of the magnesium silicates in diabase, basalt 
and peridotite. Massive serpentine is easily recognized by its 
inferior hardness to marble, its green color, its absence of cleav¬ 
age planes and the large percentage of water derived upon 
ignition. 

Talc is an acid metasilicate, 3MgO, 4Si0 2 , IT 2 0. Its hardness 
varies from 1 to 2.5. Its specific gravity is 2.75. Its color 
shades from white to green. When it occurs in the massive 
form it constitutes the useful stone known as steatite, which finds 
application in laboratory tables, sinks, stationary washtubs, 
stoves, etc. The mineral is easily recognized by its soapy feel 
and the ease with which it can be abraded with the thumb nail. 

The Carbonates. Calcite, aragonite and dolomite are the 
three carbonates that occur as essential minerals in building 
stones. They are easily distinguished from the preceding min¬ 
erals by their effervescence in HC1. They are secondary in 
origin resulting largely from the alteration of other minerals, 




MINERALS OF BUILDING STONES 


13 


together with the solution and fine comminution of the testa of 
mollusks and crustaceans. 

Calcite occurs filling the minute cavities in the rocks of all 
classes and of all ages. Formula, CaCO... Its specific gravity 
is 2.71. Pure statuary marble contains little else than calcium 
carbonate. It furnishes the essential constituent in most mar¬ 
bles, and is one of the two requisite constituents of dolomites. 
Calcite is easily recognized by its definite hardness of 3, by its 
facile cleavage and consequent brittleness and by its rapid 
effervescence with cold dilute HC1. 

Aragonite has the same formula as calcite, but instead of 
crystallizing in rhombohedrons of varied habit like calcite it 
falls in the orthorhombic system in prismatic forms. Its hard¬ 
ness is 3.7, and its specific gravity 2.95. Some decorative mar¬ 
bles, like the onyx of San Luis Obispo, California, are nearly 
pure aragonite. The mineral is distinguished from all others 
save calcite by rapid effervescence in cold dilute HC1, and from 
calcite by falling to pieces before the blowpipe and by turning 
a beautiful pink when the fine powder is boiled with the nitrate 

of cobalt. 

Dolomite is a double carbonate of calcium and magnesium, 
CaCO.., MgCO. r Its hardness is 3.7 and its specific gravity 2.85. 
It crvstallizes in the hexagonal system in rhombohedrons with 
curved faces, often with a pearly luster. It effervesces slowly, 
if at all, in cold dilute H'Cl but rapidly in warm HC1. Many 
of the white marbles like that of Stockbridge, Mass., and the 
mottled marbles like those of Swanton, Vermont, are dolomites. 

Gypsum, CaS0 4 , 211.0, is the only sulphate that occurs as 
an essential constituent of any building stone. Its hardness is 
2 and its specific gravity 2.3. In color it is usually white, but 
sometimes grayish. • It crystallizes in the monoclinic system 
with forms simple in habit. The mineral seldom occurs in the 
crystalline rocks, but it forms extensive beds among the strat¬ 
ified limestones and clays, where it becomes a rock mass of 
large commercial significance. Alabaster is a fine translucent 
variety that is used for ornamental purposes. In the absence 
of the water of crystallization the mineral passes into anhydrite, 
which has been substituted sometimes for white marble. This 



14 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


use is objectionable, for anhydrite absorbs water upon exposure 
and expands thereby, throwing buildings out of plumb. 

The Non-essential Minerals. The number of non-essential 
minerals sometimes occurring in building stones approximates 
forty. In many cases these are microscopic constituents. In 
others they are visible to the eye and easily recognized. The 
lack of space will permit an outline of only a few, and these 
will be the ones most objectionable when present in any building 
stone. 

Pyrite, PeS 2 , is a disulphide of iron. Its hardness is 6.3. 
Its specific gravity is 5. In color it is a pale brass yellow. It 
occurs in building stones in the form of cubes of the isometric 
system and in a microscopic granular and amorphous condition. 
In this latter form its oxidation is far more active than when 
in cubes. In its decomposition either soluble sulphates or free 
sulphuric acid is formed and the stone soon presents a dingy 
and unkempt appearance. In the calcareous rocks bearing mag¬ 
nesium the presence of pyrite becomes exceedingly objectionable. 
The free sulphuric acid formed in the decomposition of the 
pyrite unites with magnesium and forms a soluble efflorescent 
salt that creeps to the surface and is replaced from time to time 
by the less soluble, yet objectionable, calcium sulphate. Accord¬ 
ing to James Hall efflorescence is frequently observed on build¬ 
ings constructed of the bluestone of the Hudson River group. 
In case the mortar with which the structural blocks are laid 
contains magnesium efflorescent patches may be observed creep¬ 
ing- mainly from the joint planes and bedding planes of the 
finished structure. Such an exhibition may be seen on St. 
Peter s Church, State Street, Albany, N. Y. 

Marcasite has the same chemical formula as pyrite, FeS.,. 
Its hardness is 6.3 and its gravity is 4.9. It crystallizes in 
prismatic forms in the orthohombic system and is paler in color 
than pyrite. A. Julien lias pointed out the greater tendency of 
marcasite to undergo atmospheric alterations and shown its pro¬ 
found influence upon the durability of building stones. Where 
the two forms of iron disulphide occur together, either through 
crystallization or alteration, as the proportion of marcasite 
increases the specific gravity of the rock mass decreases, the 






MINERALS OF BUILDING STONES 


15 


color becomes paler, and the danger of Objectionable weakening 
and discoloration is increased. 

Owing to the tendency of all sulphides to decompose upon 
exposure to the atmosphere structural stones showing their 
presence should be rejected. Sulphur to the amount of .2 per 
cent may be readily detected by fusing the rock in powdered 
form with sodium carbonate on charcoal with the blowpipe, 
transferring the fused mass to a silver coin, moistening with 
water, when in the presence of sulphur, a dark stain due to the 
formation of silver sulphide will appear on the coin. 

Siderite is a carbonate of iron, FeCO... Its hardness is 3.7 
and its specific gravity 3.8. Its color is usually gray, but it 
turns brown upon exposure to the atmosphere. The mineral 
crystallizes in curved rhombohedrons of the hexagonal system 
and occurs as scattered crystals or in groups in many clays and 
limestones. Any limestone, dolomite or marble, bearing even 
microlites of siderite will soon present a dull or dead surface. 
0.1 of I per cent of this mineral can be detected by the borax 
bead which in its presence becomes bottle green in the reducing 
flame. 

Ankerite, 2CaCO.,, MgCO ;J , FeCO.., is a triple carbonate. 
Its hardness is 3.7 and its specific gravity 3. It crystallizes in 
the same forms as siderite. Its occurrence in building stones 
is less frequent than that of siderite, but when present it is 
always objectionable. 

Hematite, Fe 2 0 3 , is an oxide of iron. Its hardness is 6 and 
its gravity 5. Its color shades from red to black, but its streak is 
cherry red or blood red. It occurs in the rocks of all ages. The 
specular variety is mostly confined to the crystalline or meta- 
morphic rocks. In granites it is usually confined to minute 
scales of bright red color. In an amorphous form it furnishes 
the cement in the red or brownish sandstones. Its occurrence 
as a cement is not as frequent as that of the hydrated oxides 
of iron, turgite and limonite. These are present in the Triassic 
sandstones of Longmeadow, Mass. 

Magnetite, Fe.,0 4 , is distinguished from the other oxides 
of iron by its black color and strong magnetism. Its hardness is 
6 and its specific gravity is 5.1. It crystallizes in regular octa- 



16 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


hedrons of the isometric system. Its home as an original con¬ 
stituent is in many granites and met amorphic sedimentaries. It 
is almost invariably present in the basic igneous rocks. When¬ 
ever magnetite is present in an appreciable quantity in any 
rock it ultimately becomes converted into the hydrated oxide 
of iron which stains the stone a rusty red color. 

Limonite, 2Fe.,0.,, 3H 2 0, usually occurs in stalactitic and 
botryoidal or mammillary forms, having a fibrous or subfibrous 
structure. It may also occur in concretionary, massive and 
earthy forms. Its hardness varies from 5 to 5.5 and its gravity 
from 3.6 to 4. In all cases it results from the alteration of other 
iron minerals, or iron-bearing minerals through exposure to 
moisture, atmosphere, carbonic, or organic acids. Pyrite, mar- 
cosite, pryrrhotite and siderite are particularly prone to yield 
limonite. The formation of limonite from some of the above 
mentioned sources is a common cause of discoloration in stone 
structures. 

Garnet, 3RO, R.,0. 5 , 3Si0 2 . R stands for the bivalent metals 
like calcium and magnesium, R 2 represents the trivalent metals 
like aluminum and ferric iron. The hardness of garnet is 7. 
Its specific gravity is 3.3. In color the mineral shades from 
white to red. It crystallizes in the isometric system in regular 
dodecahedrons and leueitohedrons. Its home is with the gran¬ 
ites, gneisses, schists, limestones, and sometimes serpentines. 
Occasionally it appears in the basic irruptives. Its presence in 
any type of building stone is objectionable. On account of its 
brittleness it breaks away from its matrix in the dressing of a 
stone and renders a perfect polish far more difficult to obtain. 
Iron garnets break down due to the oxidation of the iron on 
long exposure to the atmosphere and the stone becomes stained 
with the characteristic iron rust. 



CHAPTER III. 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND WEATHERING OP 

BUILDING STONES 


Physical Properties. The physical properties that mate¬ 
rially affect the value of building stones may be summed up as 
follows: Color, hardness, specific gravity, density, texture and 
state of aggregation. 

Color. The color of a building stone is the quality of light 
reflected by its constituents. It may be due to the kind of liglit 
reflected by a single mineral as in statuarv marble, where the 
only mineral necessarily present is white caleite. The color may 
be due to one or more of several causes. Red feldspars render 
prevailing color of the granite containing them red. A gray 
color may result in a granite from a commingling of the small 
feldspar crystals with scales of mica, muscovite or biotite, or 
both. Microlites of ferrous compounds in the cleavage planes 
of the feldspars produce a green coloration as in the granites 
of Nordmark, Norway; Mt. Ascutney, Vermont; AuSable Forks, 
New York. 

The red color in sandstones may result from the presence of 
ferric oxide as a pigment in the sand grains themselves or as 
a cement binding the sand grains together. Hematite and tur- 
gite together produce a reddish brown color as in the sandstone 
of East Longmeadow, Massachusetts; clay as a cement produces 
a drab or neutral gray color as in the sandstones of Rockcastle 
County, Kentucky. A gray color may also be produced by the 
carbonates and the sulphides of iron. The pigment in the black 
marbles is largely uncombined carbon. Small quantities of car¬ 
bonaceous matter in many limestones in Kentucky produce a 
gray coloration. 

The color of building stones is not always permanent. Some 
granites w'hen freshly quarried are gray, but turn green upon 
exposure to the atmosphere. Limestones containing carbon¬ 
aceous matter often bleach. The red and green slates often 
fade. 

Hardness. The hardness of a mineral is its resistance to 
abrasion. The resistance to abrasion in a building stone depends 


18 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


upon two factors. (1) The hardness of the individual grains 
that compose the stone. (2) Their state of aggregation. 

A sandstone with each individual sand grain No. 7 in hard¬ 
ness will wear away very rapidly when the cement that binds 
the sand grains together is weak. Clayey matter and calcium 
carbonate are often weak cements. Where presure alone causes 
the interlocking of the sand grains as in the itacolumyte of 
North Carolina the stone will wear away very rapidly. 

Specific Gravity. The specific gravity of a building stone 
is its weight compared with an equal volume of water. The 
weight per cubic foot may be ascertained by multiplying the 
specific gravity of the stone by 62.5, the weight of a cubic foot 
of water. The weight per cubic foot of limestone ranges between 
166 and 175 pounds. The more dense a stone is the heavier it 
will be. 

Density. The density of a stone is its degree of compact¬ 
ness. The more dense a building stone is the less water it will 
absorb. The more quarry water there is in a building stone at 
the time it is quarried, the greater is the danger of injury to the 
stone from freezing. The more dense a building stone is the 
greater is its compressive strength and the higher its tensile 
strength. 

Texture. The texture of building stones is widely varied. 
Pegmatites are often coarsely porphyritic. Some of the granites 
of England have large phenoerysts of orthoclase in a fine to 
medium grained ground mass. Breccias contains angular frao-- 
ments, either smaller or larger, cemented together. Large 
rounded pebbles often appear in conglomerates. This character¬ 
istic obtains in the jasper conglomerate of Brazil. The texture 
ranges from medium to coarse in the marbles of Georgia. It is 
fine in the statuary marble of Carrara, Italy, and in the slates 
derived from the ashes of extinct volcanoes. The texture is 
fine in granites if the individual grains are less than 0.2 inches 
in diameter, and coarse grained if the individual crystals are 
grains exceeding 0.4 inches in diameter. 

State of Aggregation. The state of aggregation of the 
individual constituents of a building stone influences both the 
hardness., of the stone and its working qualities. If the grains 



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND WEATHERING 


19 


adhere loosely the stone is friable. Flinty building stones are 
exceedingly fine grained and compact. 

Chemical Properties. The chemical composition of a stone 
is often a guide in its selection and value for building purposes. 
A chemical analysis will reveal the presence of microlites of 
injurious constituents. The carbonate and sulphides of iron 
are thus detected. Their presence in any building stone causes 
the stone to discolor and become unsightly upon exposure to the 
atmosphere. A complete chemical analysis of the Bowling Green 
oolitic limestone reveals the presence of bituminous matter. This 
bitumen renders the stone somewhat dingy when freshly quar¬ 
ried, but the oily substance soon evaporates and leaves the stone 
white and beautiful. 

Structures That Aid in Quarrying. The structure in sedi¬ 
mentary rocks is anticlinal when an arch-like fold inclines in 
opposite directions from an axis. It is synclinal when they form 
a trough-like fold or bend in the same direction. 

Joint planes are common features in the rocks of all ages. 
They may result from several different causes. (1) By the 
cooling of a molten mass. (2) By the lowering of the tempera¬ 
ture produced in folding and uplift producing mountains. (3) 
By lowering the temperature produced in chemical change. 
(4) By compressive and tortional strains. (5) By vibratory 
strains. 

Bedding planes correspond in the sedimentaries to the 
natural divisions that separate the successive layers into blocks 
of varying thickness. Blocks of unusual thickness may increase 
the cost of quarrying, but this is often compensated by a smaller 
amount of waste material. Where many of the beds are too thin 
to produce stone of specified requirements, there is much waste 
of rock unless the thinner beds are used for paving blocks. 

Ilift ancl Grain. Building stone must have three dimen¬ 
sions. There are three directions along which building stones 
split with more or less ease. The skilled quarryman takes advan¬ 
tage of these directions in both quarrying the stone and in 
manufacturing dimension blocks. 

The rift is usually parallel with the major joints. The 
grain is at right angles to the rift. The third direction, which 








20 


THE BUILDINC4 STONES OF KENTUCKY 


is at right angles to the other two, is called the end grain or the 
head grain. The head grain may be poor even though the stone 
may work easily in the other two directions. The rift may be 
due to (1) An obscure microscopic foliation which may be either 
vertical, or nearly so, or horizontal, along which the stone splits 
more easily than in any other direction. (2) A parallel arrange¬ 
ment of the various mineral particles. (3) Microscopic faults. 
These in the igneous rocks may meander across the feldspar and 
quartz alike, or it may go around some of the quartz grains 
rather than across them. (4) Pressure phenomena in a magma 
after its consolidation. 

Compression. The compressive strength is the weight a 
building stone will stand without fracture. It is expressed in 
terms of pounds per cubic inch. In good granites the range 
varies from 15,000 to 33,000 pounds to the cubic inch. In con¬ 
structional limestones and marbles it ranges from 13,000 to 
17,000 pounds per cubic inch. 

Compressive strength depends upon three different factors. 
(1) The mineral composition. (2) The size of the individual 
constituents. (3) Their state of aggregation. 

Transverse Strength. This is a load which a bar of stone 
with one inch cross section, resting on supports one inch apart, 
and with weight applied in the middle, is able to withstand with¬ 
out breaking. It is measured in terms of the modulus of rupture. 
Building stones are more apt to be broken transversely than 
crushed. 

Tite Weathering of Building Stones 

The changes that a stone undergoes upon exposure to the 
corrosive agents of the atmosphere are (1) Chemical; (2) Min- 
eralogical: (2) Structural. 

i a \ carries dissolved oxygen and 
carbon dioxide. These agents partially dissolve the more soluble 
materials with the liberation of colloidal silica and the forma¬ 
tion of the carbonates of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium 
and iron. The alkaline earth carbonates, the carbonates of the 
alkalies and much of the dissolved silica are carried away in 
solution, the unstable iron carbonate is broken up with the 
liberation of carbon dioxide and the formation of the hydrated 





PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND WEATHERING 


21 


oxides of iron which, produce the unsightly appearance so often 
presented by building stone. The un dissolved residues often 
hydrate. The feldspars are transformed into kaolinite. The 
magnesium compounds pass into talc or serpentine. This process 
of solution and hydration is accompanied with an increase in 
volume which may assist in effecting disintegration. 

Coal often carries sulphur in combination with iron as the 
mineral pyrite, FeS 2 . In the burning of the coal the sulphur 
unites with oxygen and moisture to form sulphurous acid, which 
ultimately becomes sulphuric acid. This corrosive agent dis¬ 
solves the lime as calcium sulphate which may crystallize as 
gypsum. It, attacks the mortar and cement with which blocks 
of stone, terra cotta and brick are bound together, and brings 
into solution the soluble constituents. Nitric acid, hvdrocloric 
acid and ammonia also accelerate the decomposition of building 
stone. Salt laden sea breezes along coast lines favor the solu¬ 
tion of carbonates, sulphates and the lime silicates. 

Vegetation. Microscopic algae, mosses and lichens find 
lodgment on buildings and aid in rock decay. Their destructive 
effect is due to three causes. (1) They retain moisture and 
make the surface beneath them damp. (2) Their rootlets and 
roots penetrate into the surface of the rocks. (3) Their roots 
contain organic acids which serve as solvents for minerals. 

Bacteria. Bacteria draw their nourishment from the nitro¬ 
gen compounds formed during storms and convert the ammonia 
into nitric acid. This acid is a strong corrosive agent. 

Physical Agencies. The expansive effect of heat upon build¬ 
ing stones has often been observed. The contraction as the tem¬ 
perature lowers may not be to normal. Sidewalks are known 
to buckle from three to six inches in height and to be subse¬ 
quently broken. A pendulum suspended from the top of Bunker 
Hill Monument on a clear day will describe an irregular ellipse 
nearly half an inch in its greatest diameter. The change may 
seem to be small, yet the entire shaft has been set in motion. 
The monument is 30 feet square at the base, 221 feet in height, 
and was erected of Quincy granite in 1825. 

Frost. The greater the porosity of a building stone the 
more water it will absorb. When the temperature falls below the 
freezing point and the water in the stone solidifies, small scales 






22 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


are thrown from the surface and even large blocks may be 
fractured. Porous sandstones are particularly prone to disinte¬ 
gration under such conditions. 

Friction. The effect of friction in the constant abrasion 
of building stones is often observed on sidewalks, on the treads 
of stairways in many buildings, on the threshold at the main 
entrance to libraries, and on the inlaid floor in the rotunda of 
hotels. In the selection of stones for such uses, resistance to 
abrasion becomes an important factor. 

Wind-blown sand slowly wears away the less resistant mate¬ 
rials in many stone buildings, and decorative fences. It effaces 
the inscriptions on monuments and markers, and renders win¬ 
dows non-transparent. This feature is especially noticeable in 
some of the Western States. 

Induration. When a building stone is first quarried it is 
saturated with water. This water holds in solution, or suspen¬ 
sion, an appreciable amount of the cements that bind the mineral 
grains together. Upon exposure to the atmsophere this quarry 
water is drawn to the surface by capillary attraction and evapo¬ 
rated. The dissolved constituents are thrown out of solution 
by the evaporation of the solvent and function again as cements. 
Honing, rescouring and redressing of stone after the quarry 
water has evaporated should be avoided, because each process 
renders the destruction of the stone more rapid. 

Life. The life of a building stone is the length of time that 
may elapse before the resulting stone structure will so discolor 
or disintegrate as to necessitate repairs. The life varies widely 
with the different types of stone used and the severity of the 
climate where the structure stands. A. Julien has carefully 
studied these factors in many stone structures in New York 
City with the following results: 


Coarse brownstone . 5 to 15 years 

Fine laminated brownstone . 20 to 50 years 

Compact brownstone . 100 to 200 years 

Coarse fossiliferous limestone . 20 to 40 years 

Coarse (lolomitic marble . 30 to 50 years 

Fine dolomitic marble . 60 to 80 years 

Fine grained marble . 50 to 100 years 

Granite . 75 to 200 years 

Quartzite . 75 to 200 years 

















PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND WEATHERING 


23 


Selection of Building Stone. The following rules are here 
given that the architect, engineer, contractor, builder, may 
select the better and more permanent types of structural stone: 

(1) Select a stone that will resist wide ranges of temperature. The 
coquina of Florida would rapidly disintegrate in New England. 

(2) Select a stone that will stoutly resist the corrosive effects of 
the acids and gases of the atmosphere. A calcareous cement 
is more rapidly attacked than silica. 

(3) Select a stone with high compressive strength and elasticity. 
The Caen, France, limestone has given a compression test of 
3,350 pounds per square inch, while the Bethel, Vermont, granite 
resists 33,153 pounds per square inch. 

(4) Select a stone with large resistance to abrasion. 

(5) Select a stone that always shows a clean fresh fracture. 

(6) Select a stone that gives a clear sharp ring when struck with 

the hammer. 

(7) Select a stone that is free from the sulphides and the carbonate 
of iron. 

(8) Select a stone that is fine grained and even textured. 

(9) Select a stone with low porosity. 

(10) Select a stone, if possible, with a siliceous cement. 

(11) Select a stone that is dressed while the quarry water is present 
in the stone. 

(12) Season a stone for a year before setting it in its permanent 

position. Some quarrymen will object to this method of pro¬ 

cedure. It is just as essential to season stone as lumber. 

Methods of Testing Building Stone 

There are several well known and standard tests that are 
often used to determine the value of a given building stone. 

Color Test. This test is applied to determine the perma¬ 
nency of color. This may be effected (1) By seasoning the stone 
for a year. (2) By laboratory tests for the detection of sul- 
phides. (3) By laboratory tests for the detection of the car¬ 
bonate of iron. (4) By subjecting the stone to an artificial 
atmosphere containing corrosive reagents. 

Corrosion Test. The resistance to abrasion can be roughly 
estimated by grinding a small sample on a common grinding 
bed. Soft rocks like the uncrystallized limestone wear away 
rapidly, while the cpiartzites and granites are resistant. 




24 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Absorption Test. This test is very important and conclu¬ 
sive, but not always absolutely reliable. The percentage of 
absorption in building stone varies from 0.83 to 10.06. 

Freezing Test. The best method to pursue when possible 
is to subject the samples to repeated freezings and thawings, and 
thereby determine the loss in weight. 

Expansion and Contraction Tests. These tests are neces¬ 
sary in order that the builders may make proper allowance for 
expansion in parapet walls and similar positions, and because 
the tenacity of a stone is weakened by expansion and contrac¬ 
tion. Bars of stone may be placed in water at 32 F, then in 
water at 212°F, and then cooled quickly in water at 32°F. The 
permanent swelling proves that bars thus treated do not return 
to normal dimensions. 

Fire Resisting Test. Building stones are sometimes heated 
to a red heat and cooled. The process may be repeated several 
times. They may then be heated to a dull redness and immersed 
in cold water. Most building stones will crack and crumble under 
such treatment, and the test seems too severe. 

Compression Test. The sample to be tested may be a 1, 2, 
3, 4, or 5 inch cube. The smooth faces are placed between steel 
plates and the pressure applied. The pressure is relieved at the 
first sign of breaking in the sample and the weight of pressure 
recorded. 

Elasticity Test . To determine the elasticity of a stone, a 
sample 24 inches by 6 inches by 4 inches is selected. The power 
is applied from the ends. The compressibility is measured with 
a micrometer. The stone shows a permanent set from which it 
never recovers. 

Shearing Test. In this test prisms of stone are supported 
at each end and subjected to pressure by means of a plunger 
which exerts a force in all directions. The strain is like that 
exerted in many parts of a building. 

Transverse Strength Test. In this test a bar of stone with 
one inch cross section rests upon supports one inch apart, and 
the pressure is applied midway between the two supports. The 
result is stated in terms of the molulus of rupture. 



PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND WEATHERING 


25 


Specific Gravity Test. A fragment about the size of a pea 
of the stone to be tested is first weighed in air and then in water, 
and the weights recorded. Let W equal the weight in air and 
W 1 the weight in water. Then W divided by W minus W 1 , 

equals the specific gravity of the sample tested. This 

result multiplied by the weight of a cubic foot of water 62.5, 
gives the weight of a cubic foot of the building stone. 

For a fuller description of the methods of testing building 
stone, architects, contractors, engineers, and builders are 
referred to pp. 457-483 inclusive in “ Stones for Building and 
Decoration,” by Dr. George P. Merrill. A detailed presentation 
of the physical properties and weathering of building stones is 
given in the author’s text, “Building Stones and Clays.” 






CHAPTER IV. 

SEDIMENTATION 

Sedimentary rocks may consist of materials derived through 
the disintegration and, decay of earlier land masses. The parent 
rock may have been of igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic 
origin. They may also consist of matter produced by life in the 
sea. The former type of material is of continental origin and 
the latter is of marine origin. 

Residual sands remaining at or near their point of deriva¬ 
tion become a residual sandstone. Such sandstones are often 
arkosic and of somewhat limited extent. Broken fragments of 
shells may be cemented together by the carbonate of lime with¬ 
out transportation to any considerable distance. 

It is evident that most of the sedimentary deposits have 
been shifted from their point of derivation and deposited by 
the action of Avater. Sedimentary rocks are always understood 
to have been formed by the agency of water unless otherwise 
stated. Water formed rocks are by far the more widely dis¬ 
tributed and the greatest in volume. 

Stratified rocks formed by the action of the atmosphere are 
known as aeolian rocks. They are of limited distribution and of 
minor importance. Sands to be transported by the wind must 
be fine and dry. For the formation of a sand dune there must 
be some obstacle to check the velocity of the wind that it may 
deposit a part at least of its burden of sand. 

Materials. The minerals that make up the stratified rocks 
are those that most strongly resist decomposition, oxidation and 
abrasion. Quartz, with a hardness of 7 and without true cleav¬ 
age, is the most common constituent. It is the basis of most 
sands, but not of all. The black sand of the Adirondacks is 
magnetite. Kaolinite is the most common constituent of muds 
and clays. It results largely from the decomposition of the 
various feldspars in rocks. 

The carbonate of lime in many muds may have been derived 
from limestones or from comminution of shells, etc., in the sea. 

Classification as to Size. Transported rock waste may be 
divided into gravel, sand, silt, mud or clay. Gravel may be 


28 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


subdivided into fine gravel with sizes a little larger than a pea, 
medium gravel and coarse. The large rock fragments that may 
be transported are also called boulders. These may be either 
glacial or torrential. 

The sands may be subdivided into fine, medium and coarse. 
The coarse sand must not exceed the size of a pea. The fine 
sand must not cohere, when wet. The muds or clays are usually 
plastic when wet, but pure kaolinite is 11011-plastic. 

Sandstones 

Sandstones belong to the sedimentarv and detrital rocks. 
They represent the reconsolidated products of rock decomposi¬ 
tion. They consist, therefore, of grains of sand held together 
by some cementing material. I11 composition they vary as widely 
as the sands of the seashore or the river banks. In one respect 
there is a wide difference and that is the presence of cementing 
materials. Essentially they represent grains of quartz, Si 0 2 , 
and some cement. Other minerals like the amphiboles, pyrox¬ 
enes, magnetite, chromite, cassiterite and monazite, may resist 
decomposition and remain near the place where they were 
derived, as sand. Each of these groups may be bound together 
by some cementing material and produce a sandstone of unusual 
type. 

The impurities in the sandstones are the minerals normal 
to the sand beds that suffered cementation, and their metamor- 
phic derivatives, Siderite, pyrite, garnet, zircon, apatite, rutile, 
ilmenite, titanite, muscovite, biotile, and chlorite may appear. 

The texture of sandstones varies from the fineness of dust 
particles, sandy material that may be held in suspension for a 
considerable period of time and deposited, to individual pebbles 
several inches in diameter. When these larger rock fragments 
are water worn and well rounded the stone passes over into a 
conglomerate like the widely distributed and well-known Potts- 
ville conglomerate at the base of the Pennsylvanian series. When 
the fragments are distinctly angular the rock becomes a breccia. 
The term conglomerate is sometimes used to cover the breccias. 
Both angular and well-rounded pebbles may occur in the same 
formation. If the fracture goes around the coarser fragments 



SEDIMENTATION 


29 


the rock is a conglomerate, but if the fractures cross the larger 
fragments the rock has been metamorphosed into a quartzite. 

The color in sandstones may arise from the color of the 
individual sand grains themselves or from the character of the 
cements introduced. Usually the color is more dependent upon 
the nature or composition of the cementing material than it is 
upon the color of the sand grains themselves. If the cement is 
the anhydrous oxide of iron, hematite, Fe 2 0 3 , the stone will be 
red. If hematite, Fe.,0.,, and turgite, Fe 2 0 3 , II.,0, the stone 
will be reddish brown. If it is the hydrated oxide of iron, 
limonite, 2Fe. ) 0 ;: , 3H 2 0, the stone will be yellow or yellowish 
brown, if it is clayey matter the stone will be gray or blue. 
Blue coloration may also be caused by microlites of pyrite, and 
the gray by microlites of siderite. If the cement is chlorite the 
stone will have a greenish tint. If the cement is pure silica, 
Si0 2 , and the original sand grains were pure quartz the sand¬ 
stones will be white or creamy white in color and its metamorphic 
derivative, quartzite, will also be white. 

The different varieties of sandstone are based upon several 
factors as mineral composition, structure, and the character of 
the cementing material. The cementing material may be cal¬ 
cium carbonate. The product is then called a calcareous sand¬ 
stone. It passes by insensible gradations into a siliceous lime¬ 
stone. A kaolinitic sandstone is one whose cement is kaolinite. 
A glauconitic sandstone is one containing green-sand marl. An 
argillaceous sandstone is one containing clayey matter. This 
is one of the commonest cements. The resulting sandstone passes 
by insensible gradations into a shale. A ferruginous sandstone 
is one bearing some compound of iron. Such sandstones may 
reveal the presence of iron by their color. If the iron is present 
as a pigment in a stable cement the sandstone is very durable. 

A. feldspathic sandstone, as the name implies, contains frag¬ 
ments of feldspars in addition to the grains of silica as quartz. 
Its parent source was the decomposition of some granite or 
gneiss. In its metamorphism it passes into a paragneiss. A 
barytic sandstone is one whose cement is barite, BaS0 4 . A 
phosphatic sandstone is one containing calcium phosphate and 
a bituminous sandstone is one bearing bitumen. 





30 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


A quartzite is a metamorphic sandstone whose cement is 
silica. Often the new silica has a like optical orientation with 
the original quartz grains. Such sandstones are the most dur¬ 
able of all rocks. A greywacke is a sandstone consisting essen¬ 
tially of quartz, feldspar and fragments of slate bound together 
by argillaceous, calcareous, or even feldspathie material. Flag¬ 
stone is a name derived from the ease with which a sandstone 
splits into slabs suitable for flagging on sidewalks. Freestone 
is the name applied to the varieties that split freely in all direc¬ 
tions. Itacolumyte is the name given to the flexible sandstone 
of North Carolina in which the sand grains are interlocked by 
pressure. 

The cements in sandstones are as varied as the sand grains 
themselves. Pressure alone may cause the sand grains to inter¬ 
lock and produce a friable and flexible variety known as itacolu¬ 
myte. Percolating waters charged with calcium carbonate 
provide the carbonate for binding the sand grains together. The 
amount of this cementing material may be quite subordinate, or 
the percentage may equal or even exceed that of the sand grains. 
In the latter case, the rock is best classified as a siliceous lime¬ 
stone. The gaize of the French geologists is a siliceous sand¬ 
stone containing grains of quartz and glauconite which are 
cemented together by opaline silica, chalcedony, clayey matter 
and the carbonate of lime. Opaline silica may be easily detected 
as a cement for it passes readily into solution in a weak caustic 
alkali, while ordinary quartz is only sparingly soluble in a weak 
alkali. 

Silica itself may serve as the cementing substance. It may 
appear either as the amorphous silica or in crystalline form. In 
the former case the silica fills the interstices between the sand 
grains, while in the latter case the sand grains themselves become 
the nuclei for distinct quartz crystals. ^Vlien the sand grains 
are well rounded and of equal dimensions the actual pore space 
reaches 24 per cent, but the actual space on account of the 
irregularity or the inequality of the grains is usually much 
greater. With silica for a cement, there is every gradation 
possible between a friable rock and a compact solid rock which in 
its metamorphism passes into a hard, vitreous quartzite with 
the longest life of any known building stone. 



SEDIMENTATION 


31 


The anhydrous and hydrous oxides of iron serve often as 
the cementing material. These cements impart their character¬ 
istic colors to the sandstones in which they appear. Hematite 
tends to impart a red color. The sandstones of the southern 
shore of Lake Superior bear this cement. The Triassic Sand¬ 
stones of New England bear hematite and turgite. The Tertiary 
sandstones of the Appalachians carry turgite. The durability 
of the Triassic sandstones can be seen by any visitor in Wash¬ 
ington, for the Smithsonian Institution was constructed from 
this stone in 1848-1854. 

The hydroxide of aluminum as well as clayey matter may 
fill the interstitial spaces between the sand grains and form a 
fairly satisfactory stone for constructional work. Clayey matter 
is largely the cementing material in the sandstones of Rowan 
and Rockcastle Counties in Kentucky. 

Barytic sandstones occur in which the cementing material 
is barium sulphate. The waters in this case percolating through 
the sand beds bore barium carbonate and soluble sulphates 
which would react upon each other, forming barium sulphate, 
BaS0 4 , and soluble carbonate. The carbonate would be carried 
away in solution while the insoluble sulphate would render a 
barytic sandstone most durable. 

Gypsiferous sandstones in which gypsum functions as the 
cementing material are known in the Astrakan steppe. Cal¬ 
cium phosphate serves as the cement in some of the sandstones 
of Tennessee, and Kursk, Russia. Fluorite is the cementing 
material in the sandstones of Elginshire, Scotland. G. P. Mer¬ 
rill cites the phosphates of iron as rare cementing materal in 
sandstones. F. W. Clarke cites bituminous substances serving as 
cement and further states that any substance which waters can 
deposit in a relatively insoluble condition may serve as a cement 
to bind sand grains together. 

The sandstones of the world are not confined to the rocks 
of any particular geologic age. They appear in the rocks of all 
ages from the Archaean to the present time. The commercial 
sandstones, however, are not younger than the Cretaceous. The 
commercial sandstones of Kentucky belong to the Mississippian 
formations. 





32 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Quarrying Sandstones. The method used in quarrying 
sandstones depends somewhat upon the character of the joint 
planes and the thickness of the beds. In thin bedded sand¬ 
stones that adhere feebly to the underlying sheets blocks of 
the desired size may be obtained with drills and wedges. In 
some instances the channelling machine is used to cut vertical 
channels in the various beds. Where the blocks are thick bedded 
holes are sometimes drilled 10 inches in diameter and 20 feet 
deep. About 50 pounds of powder in an oval tin canister with 
unsoldered edges and ends covered with paper or cloth is lowered 
into the hole and placed so that a plane passing through its edges 
is in the direction of the desired break and then fired. The 
loosened blocks are then split into smaller dimensions by wedges. 

The Knox system consists essentially of making a series of 
elongated holes along the line of the desired break, putting in 
a light charge of powder, leaving an air chamber between the 
powder and the confining plug and firing all simultaneously 
with an electric battery. It requires a special reamer for the 
elongation of the drill hole. 

The Lewis system consists of drilling two holes about half 
an inch apart, cutting out the rock between the two holes, filling 
with powder and blasting in the same manner as in the Knox 

system. 

*/ 

The Githens system drills the hole with a single drill in 
the oval shape desired. The stone is then blasted as in the 
preceding systems. 

Whatever the system of blasting may be there is always 
some danger of loss of material through fractures induced by 
blasting. The heavier the charges of powder used the greater 
this danger becomes. Sometimes these planes are not noticed 
until the stone is dressed, or even set in its bed in structural 
work, yet in all cases such fractures are lines for the invasion 
of moisture and the stone disintegrates or crumbles. The less 
jar a sandstone receives from heavy hammers the greater will 
be its durability. 

Uses. W. C. Day in the Stone Industry of 1894 gives the 
following summary of the uses of sandstones: 



SEDIMENTATION 


33 


Foundations, Superstructures and Trimmings. 

Solid fronts, foundations, cellar walls, underpinning, steps, 
buttresses, window sills, lintels, kiln stone, capping, belting or 
belt courses, rubble, ashlar, forts, dimensions, sills. 


' Street Work. 

Paving blocks, curbing, flagging, basin heads or catclibasin 
covers, stepping stones, road-making, macadam, telford, con¬ 
crete, sledged stone, crushed stone. 


Abrasive Purposes. 

Grindstones, whetstones, oilstones, shoe rubbers. 

Bridge , Dam and Railroad Work. 

Bridges, culverts, aqueducts, dams, wharf stone, break¬ 
waters, jetties, piers, buttresses, capstone, rails, ballast, 
approaches, towers, bankstone, parapets, docks, bridge cover¬ 
ing, bridge guards. 

Miscellaneous. 

Grout, hitching posts, fence wall, sand for glass, sand for 
cement, sand for plaster, furnace hearths, lining for blast fur¬ 
naces, rolling-mill furnaces, lining for steel converters, fire 
brick, silica brick, core sand for foundries, adamantine plaster, 
cemetery work, millstones, fluxing, ganister, glass furnace, ran¬ 
dom stock. 

Compression Tests. The compressive strength of sandstones 
varies widely. Some sandstones are extremely friable and with 
insufficient resistance to be used for structural purposes, while 
others like the met amorphic member quartzite are superior in 
strength to most of the granites. 

Sandstones range in compressive strength from 2,400 pounds 
per square inch for the sandstone of San Jose, California, to 
27,750 for the quartzite of Pipestone, Minnesota. 


Limestones, Dolomites and Marbles 
Definition. A limestone is any rock moss consisting essen- 
tially of calcium carbonate, CaCO.., or of calcium carbonate 

t/ 7 0 7 

intermingled with more or less magnesium carbonate. The cal¬ 
cium carbonate has been separated from water, rendered insolu- 


B. S.—2 





34 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


ble and accumulated by the action of living organism, of various 
kinds. Such deposits may be mechanically broken up and rede¬ 
posited, or they may be taken into solution, carried away and 
precipitated elsewhere. There are some possible exceptions to 
this rule and these will be cited later. 

A dolomite is any rock consisting essentially of calcium 
carbonate and magnesium carbonate, CaCO.,, MgC0 3 . Geo¬ 
logically speaking, a dolomite may contain a large amount of 
admixed calcite. Mineralogically, dolomite means a definite 
chemical compound of formula CaCO.,, MgCO.,. Limestones 
containing more than 5 per cent of magnesium carbonate are 
dolomitic. The magnesium carbonate of the dolomites has been 
added to organic limestones which were originally free from, 
or poor in, magnesia. The unstable forms of calcium carbonate, 
aragonite and conchite take up magnesia quite readily. Dolo¬ 
mites are distinctly crystalline, often porous and filled with 
drusy cavities. 

From a mineralogical standpoint ia marble is a metamor¬ 
phosed limestone. It is distinguished from a limestone by its 
crystallization, coarser grain, greater compactness and purer 
colors. If fine, it is often very massive and shows no signs of 
schistose cleavage, even where its association with schists is 
such as to indicate that it must have been subjected to enor¬ 
mous pressure and shearing stresses. 

Dolomitic limestones pass by insensible gradations into 
dolomitic marbles. We therefore have both calcite marbles and 
dolomite marbles. A metamorphosed calcareous rock is often 
called a marble whether it contains magnesia or not. From a 
petrogi aphical and chemical standpoint there is an important 
difference between a calcite marble and a dolomite marble. This 
holds especially true in respect to the associated minerals thev 
are apt to contain when impurities were originally present in 
them. The pure statuary marbles like those of Marble, Colorado, 
Western Vermont and Carrara, Italy, contain little else than the 
mineral calcite. Dolomite marbles usually contain some calcite 
in addition to the dolomite crystals. The white oolitic lime¬ 
stones of Barren and Caldwell Counties, Kentucky, carry little 
else than calcium carbonate. From a purely commercial stand- 




SEDIMENTATION 


35 


point a marble is any limestone or dolomite, whether metamor¬ 
phosed or not, susceptible of a polish and suited for decorative 
interior work or the purposes of massive construction. 

Impurities. Limestones vary widely in their composition. 
They range from 25 per cent CaCCL to theoretically 100 per cent 
CaC0 3 . The impurities are uncombined carbon which imparts 
a dark gray or black color to the rock, clayey matter which 
gives limestone a drab or gray color, pyrite, siderite, talc, ser¬ 
pentine, micas, amphiboles, pyroxenes and sand. Green-sand 
marl and phosphatic particles are sometimes present. Bitumi¬ 
nous matter and even hydrogen sulphide may be encased in 
limestones. The former shows the presence of bitumen when 
heated, and the latter variety emits an offensive odor when 
struck with a hammer. Such a limestone is represented at 
Chatham, Canada, and in western Vermont. 

Texture. The texture of the calcareous rocks is as varied 
as their composition. They range from the soft friable fine 
grained chalk to the compact and crystalline types. As a rule 
the older formations are the more compact and crystalline, while 
the younger formations are more apt to be friable. 

Varieties. The numerous varieties are based upon several 
different factors as structure, chemical composition, mode of 
origin, uses, etc. 

A pure marble consists of calcite crystals in a crystalline, 
granular aggregation. Saccharoidal marble is a variety that 
closely resembles loaf sugar in texture. Common compact lime¬ 
stone is often amorphous and homogeneous. A microscopic 
investigation reveals it to be an aggregation of crystalline cal¬ 
cium carbonate. Hydraulic limestone, which has so large a 
significance from an engineering standpoint, is a variety that 
contains 10 per cent or more of silica and the proper amount of 
clayey matter to make a cement that when the stone is burned 
will set under water. Lithographic limestone that has been 
used extensively in the preservation of stock patterns is a fine 
grained magnesian variety with its best representative found at 
Solenhofen, Bavaria. It also occurs in Estill and Meade 
Counties, Kentucky. Oolitic limestone consists of small, rounded, 
concretionary grains about the size of the egg of a brook trout. 





36 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


A dolomite limestone is one containing 5 per cent or more of 
magnesium carbonate. In its metamorphism it passes into a 
dolomite marble. A true dolomite, however, would be repre¬ 
sented by the double molecule, CaCO.., MgCCC, which char¬ 
acterizes some of our most handsome decorative marbles. There 
is every stage and gradation between calcite on the one hand 
and magnesite on the other. Travertine, known also as cal¬ 
careous tufa, represents a chemical precipitate. Mexican onyx 
is a massive variety of travertine that is highly prized for its 
translucency and variety of colors. Stalactite is the variety 
that forms on the roofs of caves and stalagmite the one that 
forms in a similar manner upon the floors of caves. When the 
two varieties meet they form a pillar. The last three forms 
are well represented in Mammoth Cave and Great Onyx Cave, 
Edmonson County, Kentucky, and in Mammoth Onyx Cave, 
Hart County, Kentucky. Coquina is a variety that consists of 
broken shells held together by a cement of lime. The more 
compact massive forms are used for building purposes. A coral¬ 
line limestone is one consisting essentially of fragments of coral. 
A fossiliferous limestone is one containing any identifiable 
fragment of the testa of some former animal. Such limestones 
are named from the prevailing species present, as crinoidal 
limestone when the fossils are the fragments of crinoidal stems. 

Origin. The origin of limestones, dolomites and marbles 
is very diverse. The primary source is to be found in the 
decomposition of igneous rocks by carbonated waters. Calcium 
carbonate is taken into solution in ground water, springs and 
rivers, and subsequently withdrawn from solution by a variety 
of processes. It is deposited as a chemical sediment from hot 
springs and sea water and often precipitated as a cement in 
other rocks. 

The different kinds of limestones consisting essentially of 
calcium carbonate, together with impurities of foreign material, 
are mostly of organic origin. The hard parts of calcareous 
organisms are composed of calcite or aragonite, or both, with a 
small amount of calcium phosphate. 

Many limestones now consisting of calcium carbonate, eal¬ 
cite, may have been originally aragonite, the orthorhombic form, 




SEDIMENTATION 


37 


for aragonite is unstable and tends to be converted into calcite. 
Aragonite falls to pieces before the blowpipe, while calcite is 
infusible. 

Aragonite when pulverized and boiled with a dilute solution 
of the nitrate of cobalt is stained a lilac-red color, while calcite 
remains unchanged. 

Among the organic fragments that yield calcite may be 
mentioned calcareous algae (Lithohamnion), foraminifera, some 
forms of corals, echinoderns, Crustacea, polvzoa, brachiopods, a 
few of the molusca, and some of the gasteropods. 

Those producing aragonite are the calcareous algae (Heli- 
meda), most of the corals, some of the polyzoa, most of the 
molusca, gasteropods, cephalopods and petropods. 

Waters charged with carbon dioxide become a potent sol¬ 
vent for rock constituents. This effect is illustrated by the 
numerous limestone caves in Kentucky and the Luray Caverns 
in Virginia. The surcharged waters when relieved of pressure 
deposit their load in some of the various forms of travertine. 
The stalactitic and stalagmitic marbles fall into this class. By 
this process also large masses of the compact variety known as 
onyx are produced. This type of decoratve interior marble 
is best represented in California and Mexico, but it is also well 
represented in Edmonson, Barren and Hart Counties, Kentucky. 

Rivers flowing over limestone areas carry a certain amount 
of calcium carbonate in solution into the sea. A direct precipi¬ 
tation of this calcium carbonate can occur only when the supply 
of carbonate is in excess of that which can be consumed by 
living organisms and when the conditions of temperature and 
pressure are such as to expel the solvent, C0 2 . Such deposits 
are exceptional rather than common. They are known to occur 
in the delta of the Rhone and in the everglades of Florida, where 
the inflowing waters are exposed in broad, shallow sheets to 
evaporation, agitation and variations of temperature and pres¬ 
sure. The calcium carbonate is partly thrown down as mud 
and partly deposited on the underlying limestones as a layer of 
rock. The alternation of beds of snow-white, bluish-gray, green¬ 
ish and almost black layers in many marbles may perhaps be 
best explained on the assumption that the white layers were 





38 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


deposited from solution and the darker layers were beds of 
indurated shell mud and sand colored by the organic impurities 
they contained at the time they were first laid down. 

Great masses of calcareous tufa have been deposited around 
Pry amid and Winnemucca Lakes in Nevada. When the deposits 
assume the form of oolitic sand the carbonate is deposited around 
sand grains or other foreign bodies as nuclei. Similar formations 
around Great Salt Lake are formed only where there is much 
agitation of the waves. 

The tufa requires surf to discharge the excess of carbon 
dioxide and deposit calcium carbonate. This formation of 
oolitic sand may be attributed to minute algae. Thallophytes, 
as Chara, and bryophvtes, as mosses, are capable of extracting 
carbon dioxide and setting free calcium carbonate. When they 
do this in the presence of the bicarbonate they deprive that salt 
of the second molecule of carbonic acid and the neutral carbon¬ 
ate is thrown down. The material, at first porous, is afterwards 
transformed into a compact rock by the deposition of calcite in 
its interstices. 

The shallow water limestones that show oolitic structure like 
many Kentucky oolites contain little spheroidal grains built up 
of successive coats of calcium carbonate. These are often suf¬ 
ficiently numerous to make up the chief bulk of the rock. 

The concentric layers may have been formed upon a nucleus 
which may be a tiny fragment of a shell, some organic body, a 
pellet of fine mud, or a grain of quartz sand. Sometimes the 
original nucleus appears broken. Sometimes it is compound. 
The concentric shells may or may not show a radial structure. 

The matrix surrounding the oolites consists of calcareous 
muds, mostly carbonate of calcium which has largely been 
derived from the attrition and disintegration of calcareous 
organisms although chemical deposition may play some part in 
furnishing the matrix. 

In many limestones the original finely divded calcareous 
matter has been partially or wholly recrystallized into a granular 
mosaic of calcite. Sometimes this texture is tine. Sometimes it 
is very coarse. Again it may completely surround the remain¬ 
ing oolites, shell fragments, or detrital quartz grains. The 



SEDIMENTATION 39 

recrystallized carbonate of lime is always calcite for aragonite 
is converted by recry stal 1 ization into calcite, which is the stabler 
form of calcium carbonate. 

The formation of the fresh water marls of New Jersey is 
due to the presence pf algae. Chara is responsible for certain 
marl deposits in the Lakes of Michigan. Aquatic plants have 
been active in the formation of the marl deposits of Indiana. 
The smaller morainal lakes of Central New York are rapidly 
filling up with marl deposits. These lakes are comparatively 
shallow and many of- them have their waters constantly aerated 
by strong wave-producing winds. The waters that serve as 
feeders for the lakes flow over limestone areas and carry much 
calcium carbonate in solution into them. The lakes are rich 
in their aquatic plants which consume carbon dioxide and exhale 
oxygen. The activity then of algae may be a potent influence in 
the formation of the marl deposits. 

Albumen, which is present in the organic parts of all 
aquatic plants, may serve as a precipitating agent for calcium 
carbonate. Albuminoids generate ammonium carbonate by 
fermentation and by that compound the precipitation of calcium 
carbonate is due. 

Waters charged with carbon dioxide dissolve aragonite far 
more rapidly than calcite, and aragonite shells largely disappear 
in limestone while calcite organisms remain permanently in 
fossil forms. At temperatures exceeding 60 degrees aragonite 
is more apt to be formed and below that temperature calcite. 
As coral life demands temperatures exceeding 68 degrees, aragon¬ 
ite may form and later become calcitized. 

The formation of a coralline limestone mav be followed 
easily in the fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls. The order 
is as follows : (1) The living animal, the coral polyp. (2) The 
dead animal with its home broken into fragments by the waves. 
(3) Cementation of these broken fragments by the solution 
and redeposition of a part of the calcium carbonate. (4) The 
solid rock composed of these organic remains. Such may bear 
both calcite and aragonite, deposited directly by the sea water. 
They may also carry both organic material and earthy matter. 







40 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


They may also become dolomitized through the action of mag¬ 
nesium bearing waters. 

The coquina of Florida and many other sea beaches affords 
illustrations of limestone building from shells. These broken 
fragments are cemented together by calcium carbonate which 
has been deposited from solution in the interstices between the 
shells. Limonite may also function as a cement and quartz sand 
may be commingled with the shell material. 

Crinoidal limestones are formed from the disjointed frag¬ 
ments of the stems and arms of crinoids or sea lilies. The cross 
sections of such fragments vary from a small fraction of an 
inch to an inch or more in diameter. The smaller fragments 
have given rise to the decorative stone known as birdseye mar¬ 
ble, but this name has also been applied to some of the coralline 
limestones of Iowa. 

Oceanic ooze may be laid down on the door of the sea and 
compressed into a soft rock like the chalk cliffs of England. 
Globigerina ooze appears in waters at a depth of 2,925 fathoms. 
Aragonite pteropod shells practically disappear at depths exceed¬ 
ing 1,500 fathoms. As the upper chalk beds of England carry 
only calcific organisms, Kendall concludes that they must have 
been deposited in waters exceeding 1,500 fathoms in depth. 
These oozes were practically free from impurities, save chert 
nodules. 

Calcareous sediments mav be rich in clav or mud and 

* */ 

produce a fine grained argillaceous limestone with every shade 
and gradation between a calcareous shale and a pure limestone. 
The sediments may also contain quartz grains, largely cal¬ 
careous, and produce a limestone that is fine grained and hard. 
These rocks shade imperceptibly from siliceous limestones into 
calcareous sandstones. In the metamorphism of the latter the 
rocks pass into a quartzose marble. 

Marbleization. The marbleization of calcium carbonate, or 
the conversion of amorphous carbonate into a crystalline lime¬ 
stone or marble, may be effected in a number of ways. Pres¬ 
sure alone, either long continued and gentle, or heavy and of 
short duration, may produce this change. It may be brought 
about by the influence of heat. Both heat and pressure may 






SEDIMENTATION 


41 


work conjointly in effecting the marbleization of amorphous 
calcium carbonate. Water plays an important part for in 
geological phenomena its influence is rarely excluded. The solu¬ 
tion and redeposition of calcium carbonate explains many 
changes in the structure of calcareous rocks. 

Alteration. Changes in limestones may be effected by an 
infiltration of waters bearing silica in soluton. By the deposi¬ 
tion of the silica the stone becomes silicified. A limestone may 
become phospliatized by the action of meteoric waters flowing 
over beds of guano. It may become gypsumized through the 
decomposition of inclosed pyrite and the acid sulphates formed 
through such decomposition. The most potent change is effected 
by waters charged with carbon dioxide. Impure limestones 
yield a large number of objectionable minerals through thermal 
metamorphism. Organic matter furnished the necessary mate¬ 
rial for the scales or plates of graphite in the limestones of 
northern New York. Silica provided the material for the limpid 
crystals of quartz found in the cavities of the Carrara marble 
of Italy. Silica may unite also with a part of the lime present, 
in the formation of such calcium silicates as wollastonite and 
scapolite. The hydroxides of iron may yield hematite or through 
reduction magnetite. The hydroxides of aluminum may form 
corundum or even ruby, the red gem variety of corundum, as in 
Burma. When both silica and alumina are present there occurs 
a reaction between them and a part of the calcium carbonate with 
the formation of several silicates of calcium and aluminum like 
garnet, vesuvianite, epidote, etc. The feldspars, micas, amphi- 
boles and pyroxenes may appear along contact zones or as inclu¬ 
sions within the metamorphic limestone itself. Phlogopite is 
characteristic of many limestones or marbles that originally bore 
magnesia and silica in the presence of iron compounds. Mag¬ 
nesia alone may crystallize out as the oxide, periclase. When 
both magnesia and alumina are present spinel is formed. With 
magnesia and silica enstatite would appear. With magnesia, 
silica and iron minerals like olivine, bronzite, hypersthene, etc., 
appear. According to J. F. Kemp the Adirondack limestones 
were originally siliceous dolomites in which the silica and mag¬ 
nesia segregated as pyronenes. 






42 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Dolomite. The terms magnesian limestone, dolomitic lime¬ 
stone and dolomite are used more or less indiscriminately to 
designate any calcareous rock containing a high proportion of 
magnesium carbonate. Many dolomitic rocks have been classi¬ 
fied as limestones when they contain more than 5 per cent of 
magnesium carbonate and less than 45.65 per cent of the same 
constituent. Such a rock should be spoken of as dolomitic. 

As calcareous rocks approach the theoretical percentages of 
CaC0 3 , MgCO.,, they constitute the true dolomites. In the 
mineral dolomite the calcium carbonate represents 54.35 per 
cent, and the magnesium carbonate 45.65 per cent. Dolomites 
often carry admixed calcite which in the analysis of the rock 
raises the calcium carbonate content above the theoretical per¬ 
centage and correspondingly lowers the percentage of the mag¬ 
nesium carbonate. 

The term super dolomite is often used to denote rocks with 
a large content of magnesium carbonate and a small content 
of calcium carbonate. This term would cease with less than 5 
per cent of calcium carbonate and the rock would pass into the 
mineral magnesite, MgCO... In the magnesium rocks there is 
every gradation possible between the pure calcite, CaC0 3 , on the 
one hand, and magnesite, MgC0 3 , on the other. 

Dolomites may occur either as an alteration product within 
a normal limestone or a chemically deposited rock. Many dolo¬ 
mitic rocks have originated from ordinary limestones by the 
introduction of magnesium carbonate from some external 
source. Dolomitization may occur while the fresh limestone or 
ooze is in the sea in which it is formed. This has been observed 
in the borings from coral islands. It is called contemporaneous 
dolomitization. Subsequent dolomitization may occur after con¬ 
solidation and uplift of the original material into a land mass. 

Waters bearing in solution magnesium carbonate as they 
traverse limestones exchange their less soluble magnesium car¬ 
bonate for the more soluble calcium carbonate, molecule bv 
molecule, and thereby the rock gradually becomes dolomitized. 
Recent experiments have shown that marine organisms secrete 
more magnesium than was formerly supposed. The leaching 
out of the more soluble calcium carbonate may occur, thereby 



SEDIMENTATION 


43 


increasing the magnesium content without the introduction of 
m a gn esium c a rb on a t e. 

Limestones and dolomites are sometimes interstratified and 
the successive layers are sharply differentiated from one another. 
Such a differentiation represents a primary difference in the 
materials deposited. This may be due to alternate chemical 
precipitation of limestones and dolomites, but in mosf cases the 
clastic origin of the rock must be postulated. In such cases 
the muds were derived alternately from calcareous and mag¬ 
nesian sources. 

The limestones may also be of organic origin, and the dolo¬ 
mites derived from the erosion of dolomites forming a portion of 
the land mass. In such cases, the significance in alternation is 
no greater than that in limestones and shales. A secondary 
separation of a mixture of lime and dolomite grains by agitation 
of the waters and the unequal settling according to specific 
gravity is also possible. 

Dolomitization may be produced by metasomatic replace¬ 
ment through the agency of ground water. Such waters are 
generally less effective than sea water, because the latter carries 
a larger percentage of magnesium carbonate in solution. 

The magnesia for ground water circulation may be derived 
as carbonate from the decomposition of older dolomites or by the 
carbonation of many ferromagnesium minerals in the crystal¬ 
line rocks. 

Local dolomitization may be produced by contact metamor¬ 
phism, as at Aspen, Colorado. This may be effected by hot mag¬ 
nesium-bearing waters rising through the limestone beds. AVlien 
limestones have been intruded by peridotites such dolomitization 
may be expected. In the absence of the limestones, the transi¬ 
tion may be to a siliceous magnesite, as in Troy, Vermont. 

True chemical sediments occurring as dolomites are com¬ 
paratively rare. The dolomite of Mansfield, England, falls into 
this class. Some of the oldest dolomites may be chemical pre¬ 
cipitates. The dolomite of Ulm, Bavaria, is of fresh water 
origin. 

According to F. W. Pfaff the products of organic decom¬ 
position, such as carbon dioxide, ammonium carbonate, ammo- 






44 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


ilium sulphide and hydrogen sulphide, play an important part 
in the process of dolomitization. Carbon dioxide acting for a 
considerable period of time upon the chlorides and sulphates 
of calcium and magnesium produces a double carbonate of the 
two bases. This condition is practically paralleled in the con¬ 
centration of sea water. Therefore by this process dolomite 
may be formed. 

F. W. Clark has suggested that algae may precipitate dolo¬ 
mite or the mixed carbonates as they do calcareous marl. Pres- 
sure may also promote dolomitization. It is apparent then that 
dolomites may be formed by various processes and possess dif¬ 
ferent modes of occurrence. 

Dolomite Tests. (1) Calcite effervesces freely in the pres¬ 
ence of cold dilute HC1. Dolomite effervesces feebly under the 
same condition. Magnesite similarly treated should suffer no 
immediate change. 

(2) When pure calcite is brought into solution with HC1 
and rendered ammoniacal, the calcium is completely precipi¬ 
tated out as carbonate by ammonium carbonate. The filtrate 
shows no additional precipitate with disodic phosphate. The 
magnesium of the dolomites is not precipitated by the ammonium 
carbonate, but is thrown down by disodic phosphate as mag¬ 
nesium ammonium phosphate. 

(3) Calcite when treated with a solution of aluminum 
chloride and haematoxylin (extract of logwood) receives a 
violet coating. Dolomite under the same condition remains 
uncolored. 

(4) Pulverize a few grams of rock suspected to be dolo¬ 
mite. Cover with water and add a few drops of phenolphtha- 
lein solution. Calcite gives a strong coloration. Dolomite is 
but slightly tinted. 

Color. Limestones, marbles and dolomites possess a wide 
range of colors. They shade from pure white like the statuary 
marble of western Vermont to a jet black like that of Glens Falls, 
New York. The cream, buff, brown, orange and red tints are 
produced by varying amounts of the oxides of iron, either in a 
hydrated or anhydrous condition. The blue and some of the 
gray colors are produced by finely divided carbonaceous matter. 



SEDIMENTATION 


45 


Clayey matter often presents a drab or gray appearance in a 
limestone, like many of the limestones of Kentucky. Iron disul¬ 
phide in granules of microscopic size may produce a gray color. 
Uncombined carbon in the larger amounts produces a black. 

Hardness. The, hardness of the calcareous building stones 
varies widely. Calcite alone is only 3 in hardness. Statuary 
marbles possess the same degree of resistance to abrasion. The 
state of aggregation of the individual grains affects the hard¬ 
ness. The coquina of Florida, the coralline rocks of the reefs 
of many islands and the Caen marble of France are extremely 
soft. The Bowling Green oolite is of medium hardness. The 
siliceous limestones of Vermont are extremely hard and cut to 
a fine edge. 

Specific Gravity. The specific gravity of limestones and 
marbles varies from 2.7 to 2.9. Its weight per cubic foot is a 
little higher than that of the average granite. With the higher 
specific gravity the weight would be 181 pounds per cubic foot. 

Distribution. Some form of the calcareous building stones 
is found in nearly all states and practically in all countries of 
the world. Many of these are used only locally if at all. Some 
have found favor both at home and abroad. The Bedford, 
Indiana, oolitic limestone, the marbles of western Vermont and 
Carrara, Italy, fall into this class. 

Age. The limestones, marbles and dolomites do not belong 
to any particular age. They are found in formations ranging 
from the Archaean to the Tertiary. The commercial limestones 
of Kentucky range in age from the Ordovician to the Carboni¬ 
ferous. Lime-bearing formations are accumulating at the pres¬ 
ent time. 

Industrial Facts About Limestones and Marbi.es 

Quarrying. In quarrying marble the object is to obtain 
large blocks of stone with the least disturbance possible. Where 
the sheets are too thick to split with wedges the channelling 
machine is used to cut vertical channels 2 inches wide and from 
4 to 6 feet deep, depending upon the thickness of the block 
desired. This machine moves back and forth over the bed or 
floor of the quarry. The gadding machine drills holes in the 



46 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


face of the block to one-half the breadth of the block desired. 
The stone may then be lifted with wedges. The blocks are sub¬ 
sequently split into smaller dimensions with wedges, or cut 
into slabs of varying thickness with a gang of saws. Emery 
and chilled iron are used to aid in the cutting. If possible, explo¬ 
sives should be avoided, as the sudden jar develops incipient 
fracture planes that aid in the disintegration of the stone. 

Dressing. There are many different kinds of finish used 
for building stones before they are placed in their position in 
the wall of the structure. (1) In cobble houses either glacial 
erratics (in the northern portions of the United States), or 
angular fragments of rock from quarry products, are laid in the 
usual bond. These produce unique structures that are pleasing 
in their effect. 

(2) Rock Face. Ashlar blocks are laid practically as they 
come from the quarry, having been trimmed to a unifrom size. 
Sometimes the stone is decorated with a margin of drove work. 

(3) Uniform Pointed. These blocks are trimmed to cor¬ 
rect dimensions and the outer face is then dressed with a point¬ 
ing instrument. The stone is decorated with a margin of drove 
work. 

(4) Diagonal Pointed. This stone differs only in facial 
appearance from the former, in that the pointing runs in diag¬ 
onal lines at an angle of 45 degrees across the stone. 

(5) Square Drove. The appearance of the face here is 
produced by a wide chisel with smooth edge. The lines through 
the center of the stone run parallel with the base of the block. 
The margin is decorated with drove work. 

(6) Toothed Chisel. The toothed chisel produces in the 
center of the face a surface that somewhat resembles tapestry. 
The margin is decorated as in the previous cases. 

(7) Hammered Face. Pean hammers, patent hammers 
and bush hammers produce different kinds of faces that are 
fairly smooth and somewhat resemble the pointed face finish. 
They are usually decorated with a margin of drove work. 

(8) Grooved Face. The face of the stone here produces 
a grooved effect. The shallow grooves run across the entire 
face parallel with the bed. 




SEDIMENTATION 


47 


(9) Sawed Face. In this case the blocks of stone are set 
as they are sawed out at the mill. Fine regular lines traverse 
the face. 

(10) Smooth Face. The sawed stone is faced with a per¬ 
fectly smooth unpolished surface. It may or may not have a 
margin of drove work. 

(11) I oh shed Face • The sawed or chiseled face is ren¬ 
dered perfectly uniform and smooth by setting the entire block 
in a bed of plaster of paris and using in the order given, chilled 
iron, coarse emery, fine emery, diatomaceous earth and putty 
powder or oxalic acid. When oxalic acid is used in the process 
of polishing the expense and time element are less, but the polish 
is short lived. Many decorative marbles and granites in our 
cemeteries that now appear dull owe this condition largely to 
the use of oxalic acid in the process of buffing. Putty powder, 
which consists largely of the oxide of tin, produces a more 
expensive, more lasting and far more satisfactory polish. 

(12) Hammered Finish. The cost of finishing stone is 
determined partly by the shape and largely by the smoothness 
of the surface desired. The stone is finished by beating it with 
hammers containing blades set at various widths. The number 
of blades to the inch determines the fineness of the surface that 
can be secured. 

For step work, approaches and the upper stories of high 
buildings, four cuts to the inch give a satisfactory finish. Four- 
cut work is specified by the United States Government for post- 
office base courses. Many commercial buildings are made in 
this finish. 

Six-cut work is the standard for bank fronts, private resi¬ 
dences, state capitols, city halls, railroad terminals, art museums, 
fine bridges, and in general the better class of public and pri¬ 
vate buildings. 

Eight-cut work is often specified on large public memorials, 
elaborate bank and building entrances, garden work, fountains, 
mausoleum roof stones and elevated statuary groups. 

Ten-cut finish is generally used on monuments, mausoleums, 
statuary, and other work which demands a special smoothness 








48 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


of surface. Good stone with ten-cut bushing shows a surface 
smooth as velvet and free from imperfections. 

Uses. The limestones are used in the manufacture of white 
lime or tinted limes. A larger percentage of limestone proper 
goes into this held than all other uses combined. This lime 
product finds use not only in structural work but in the beet 
sugar industry. Limestones are used for building purposes 
when they are of fairly uniform color and texture. They are 
used sometimes for paving blocks, but are not resistant to abra¬ 
sion, and for curbings and gutters. They find large use as a 
flux in the treatment of iron ores and in the manufacture of the 
numerous grades of Portland cement. They are used also as a 
fertilizer and in the manufacture of glass. 

The marbles find their largest uses in structural and monu¬ 
mental work. The decorative marbles are used for pillars, col¬ 
onnades, wainscoting, panels, baseboards, flooring, tiling, fire- 
jambs, lintels, counters, shelves, clocks and table tops. The 
beauitful onyx marbles find use not only for decorative interior 
work but also in soda fountains, shelves, table tops and clocks. 

Compression Tests. The average strength of marbles is not 
as great as that of granite. Good structural work should resist 
from 12,000 to 18,000 pounds to the square inch. Some friable 
marbles fall under these figures and many good marbles exceed 
them. In nearly all cases they are far above the strength 
required, even with the builders’ margin of safety added to the 
superincumbent weight. The compression strength of limestones 
and marbles varies from 3,550 pounds per square inch for the 
limestones of Caen, France, to 25,000 pounds for the Champlain 
marble of Vermont. 

Polished Specimens of Kentucky Limestones and Marbles 

The numbers here given corespond with the numbers on the 
polished specimens placed on exhibition in the rooms of the 
Kentucky Geological Survey, Frankfort, Kentucky. 

5. White oolitic limestone, White Stone Quarry, Bowling Green, 

Ky. 

11. Dark gray limestone, Glasgow, Ky. 

13. Brown cedar limestone, Glasgow, Ky. 

32. Dark gray marble, Danville, Ky. 



SEDIMENTATION 


49 


33. White limestone, Reservoir Knob, Somerset, Ky. 

34a. Medium gray marble, Reservoir Knob, Somerset, Ky. 

34b. Medium gray crystalline marble, Reservoir Knob, Somerset, Ky. 
37b. Crystalline oolitic limestone, W. J. Sparks quarry, Rockcastle, 
Ky. 

43. Dark gray limestone, Winn quarry, Mt. Sterling, Ky. 

46. Grayish white marble, Slaughter House quarry, Georgetown, Ky. 
47b. Medium gray marble, Sumers quarry, Georgetown, Ky. 

48. Pink marble, Paris, Ky. 

49. Dark gray marble, Poindexter quarry, Cynthiana, Ky. 

50a. Pink marble, Quincy Ward quarry, Cynthiana, Ky. 

50b. Pink marble, Quincy Ward quarry, Cynthiana, Ky. 

52. Dark gray marble, Maysville, Ky. 

54. Dark gray marble, City quarry, Flemingsburg, Ky. 

57a. White crystalline oolitic marble, Silman quarry, Stephensburg, 
Ky. 

59. Dark gray massive limestone, Leitchfield, Ky. 

61a. Oolitic limestone, Katterjohn quarry, Cedar Bluff, Ky. 

-61b. White oolitic limestone, Katterjohn quarry, Cedar Bluff, Ky. 

62. Hard gray limestone, Lyon quarry, Eddyville, Ky. 

65. White oolitic limestone, Cook quarry, Hopkinsville, Ky. 

69a. Grayish white marble, Estes quarry, Lebanon, Ky. 

71. Mottled limestone, Circassian walnut, Bardstown, Ky. 

SAMPLES POLISHED IN AUGUST, 1922 

49a. Dark gray marble, Poindexter quarry, Cynthiana, Ky. 

50c. Pink marble, Quincy Ward quarry, Cynthiana, Ky. 

61c. Banded oolitic limestone, Katterjohn quarry, Cedar Bluff, Ky. 

78. Dark gray marble, Hamilton quarry, Lexington, Ky. 

79. Medium gray marble, Headley quarry, Lexington, Ky. 

81. Medium gray marble, Work House quarry, Frankfort, Ky. 

82. Light gray banded marble, Blanton quarry, Frankfort, Ky. 

83. Mexican onyx, Cave City, Ky. 

84. Mexican onyx. Cave City, Ky. 

85. Mexican onyx, Horse Cave, Ky. 

86. Mexican onyx, Horse Cave, Ky. 

87. Peridotite, Elliott County, Ky. 














































CHAPTER V. 

DESCRIPTION OF MICROSCOPIC SLIDES 

Mr. Ralston G. Sprague, Teaching Fellow in Mineralogy at 
Syracuse University, kindly assisted the author in the detailed 
study of the slides described in this chapter. 

No. 1, No. 19, Ky. G. S. This rock was labeled in the field 
a micaceous quartzite. It was collected at Cannonsburg, Boyd 
County, Kentucky, July 12, 1921. 

Under the microscope the slide consists of calcite surround¬ 
ing a large number of quartz grains, ortlioelase, microcline and 
albite. The quartz grains are in part well rounded, but the 
most of them are fairly large and angular, suggesting residual 
quartz. There are also present muscovite, chlorite and carbon¬ 
aceous material. 

The calcite is granular and for the most part well crystal¬ 
lized. It is the interstitial material surrounding the grains of 
the other minerals. Nowhere in the slide is there any large iso¬ 
lated mass of calcite. 

The quartz is slightly more abundant than the calcite. Its 
rounded, subangular and angular grains show little if any 
evidence of quartz secondarily introduced or of the recrystaliza- 
tion of the quartz due to metamorphism. There are a few 
pebbles of well crystallized quartzite in the slide. This evidences 
that the well-rounded quartz grains come from the decomposition 
of some unknown quartzite. 

Of the feldspars, microcline is by far the most abundant. 
It shows the characteristic grating structure. The ck'thoclase 
is somewhat kaolinized and microperthitic. The albite was 
twinned according to the albite law. 

In the slide the muscovite occurs as a few small flakes or 
plates, but in the hand sample the mineral is a prominent con¬ 
stituent arranged somewhat more abundantly along cleavage 
planes in the rock. 

The chlorite is present as one or two individuals which show 
green pleocliroism. It is secondary in origin and was probably 
derived from scales of biotite. The carbonaceous matter is not 
abundant, but uniformly distributed. 


52 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The rock is best classified as a calcitic arkose. An arkose 
is a feldspathic sandstone. The Cannonsburg arkose appears to 
have been derived largely from the residual products of a 
muscovite granite low in its biotite content. The home of this 
granite was not far from Cannonsburg, and arkoses are not dis¬ 
tributed over large areas. 

Oolitic Limestone 

No. 2. The rock from which this slide was cut came from 
the Green River quarry, Bowling Green, Warren County, Ken¬ 
tucky. It is an oolitic limestone. 

This slide is made up entirely of crystallized calcium car¬ 
bonate, CaCO... The section is a mass of rounded and in some 
cases elongated semi-opaque oolites surrounded by interstitial 
calcite. A part of the calcite is crystallized so that it shows inter¬ 
ference colors, but the remainder of the calcium carbonate is in 
so fine granules that it does not show any extinction angles or 
interference colors. No other mineral constituents are present, 
save a very small amount of carbonaceous matter scattered uni¬ 
formly through the slide. 

The oolites are either rounded or elongated and semi-opaque. 
The border of the mass is usually lighter than the center, and 
some of the oolites show a radial structure. The whiteness of 
color, the uniformity of texture and the freedom from limonite 
stains in the oolites makes this rock one of the most valuable 
building stones of Kentucky. The rock is a crystalline oolitic 
limestone. 


Crystalline Limestone 

No. 3, No. 57a, Ky. G. S. This slide was cut from the white 
crystalline limestone of Silman’s quarry, Stephensburg, Hardin 
County, Kentucky. It was collected August 20, 1921. 

This slide is similar in many respects to Slide No. 2. It 
consists entirely of calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , with a very 
little carbonaceous material. There is a large number of oolites 
surrounded by fine grained calcite. Some of the oolites show a 
concentric growth with a nucleus of calcite, others are uniform 
throughout, while still others have the concentric arrangement 
with a slightly opaque and a more dense center. 




DESCRIPTION OF MICROSCOPIC SLIDES 


53 


Within the slide there are apparently fossil forms. Some 
of them show a distinct basal growth of alternating transparent 
and semi-transparent bands. Still other forms have the appear¬ 
ance of corals. In this slide there are a few well-formed crys- 
tals of calcite of considerable size which have good extinction 
angles and show brilliant colors. 

It is not sufficiently well crystallized to be called a marble 
mineralogically. Therefore the term crystalline limestone is 
the most appropriate. Its freedom from iron makes it a very 
desirable building stone. 

Dark Gray Marble 

No. 4, No. 49, Ivy. G. S. The sample of dark gray marble 
from which this slide was cut was taken from the Poindexter 
quarry, Cynthiana, Harrison County, Kentucky, August 10, 
1921. 

The slide is composed of calcium carbonate, CaCO.,, with 
very small fragments of carbonaceous matter. The few oolites 
present are considerably broken and fractured. There are a 
number of rounded forms which differ from the oolites in not 
having the concentric structure. These doubtless represent some 
fossil forms. 

The calcite is much better crystallized than it is in Nos. 
2 and 3. A few of the grains show fine rhombohedral cleavage. 
Most of them have the fine grained granular appearance with¬ 
out any visible cleavage. The rock is sufficiently crystallized to 
be classed as a marble, for it represents a metamorphosed lime¬ 
stone. It is susceptible of a high polish and the carbonaceous 
matter imparts the dark color to the stone. 

Grayish White Crystalline Marble 

No. 5. The sample from which this slide was cut was col¬ 
lected at Sinners’ quarry, Georgetown, Scott County, Kentucky, 
August 8, 1921. 

This slide consists of crystallized calcium carbonate, calcite, 
CaCO.,, with a very small amount of carbonaceous material, but 
not in sufficient quantity to impart much color to the rock. 
The slide is fine grained and granular. In fact, it is made up of 
rounded and sub-angular grains of calcite so fitted together as 







54 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


to form a mosaic. In part the crystals of calcite are sufficiently 
large for a few of them to cover the entire field under the 
microscope. 

Although the calcite is well crystallized the alteration has 
not been sufficient to obliterate all oolites and apparent fossil 
forms. The principal fossil form consists of a series of snake¬ 
like ribbons or bands crossing the section. 

The calcite is so well crystallized in some cases that it shows 
striations in polarized light and brilliant interference colors. 
These features are very noticeable in this section. 

AVhite Crystalline Limestone 

No. 6, No. 10, Ky. G. S. This sample was collected from 
the J. W. (Sparks quarry, Russellville, Logan County, Kentucky, 
June 30, 1921. 

The section consists largely of oolites and ribbon-like 
masses. Some of the oolites have a dark border with homo¬ 
geneous center, while others sIioav concentric structures. Most 
of the calcium carbonate is entirely uncrystalized. Only a 
small amount of interstitial material surrounding the oolites, and 
the centers of a few of the oolites, show crystallization. The 
section contains some peculiar rod-like forms which may be 
elongated oolites. Very little carbonaceous matter is present. 
The rock is a very fine grained, pure, semi-crystalline limestone 
well suited for constructional and monumental work. 

Grayish White Marble 

No. 7, No. 69a, Ky. G. S. The sample from which this slide 
was cut came from the Estes quarry, Lebanon, Marion County, 
Kentucky. It was collected September 1, 1921. 

This slide shows a fine grained aggregate of calcite, CaCO.,, 
with a few fairly large patches of calcite, a few oolites and simi¬ 
lar features. The slide shows a peculiar structure which has 
the appearance of some sort of fiowage action or movement among 
the minerals during crystallization. The oolites are not abund¬ 
ant and some of them appear displaced. The fairly large areas 
of well-crystallized calcite, when viewed under high power, are 
clearly seen to be made up of a very fine grained aggregate of 








DESCRIPTION OF MICROSCOPIC SLIDES 


55 


calcite crystals. There is apparently some dolomite in the rock 
as there is a mineral present which develops good rhomibohe- 
drons that have a higher index of refraction than the surround¬ 
ing medium. 

A slight trace of carbonaceous material imparts the grayish 
white color to the marble. The rock is a recrystallized lime¬ 
stone, and therefore a marble mineralogically. It is an excellent 
building stone. 

Oolitic Limestone 

No. 8, No. 61, Ivy. G. S. This sample came from a bed of 
white oolitic limestone varying in thickness from 16 to 20 feet, 
and traversed by zigzag bands of colored material. It also came 
from the Katterjohn quarry, Cedar Bluff, Caldwell County, 
Kentucky, and was collected August 25, 1921. 

The microscope reveals the rock to be a limestone made up 
of oolites and other similar formations. The essential mineral is 
calcium carbonate, OaCO,, but for the most part it is not crys¬ 
tallized and the section is semi-transparent. 

The oolites are rather large and show the concentric growth 
verv well. Some of them have a crystallized nucleus. A few 
crystals with strong birefringence are scattered through the 
mass and occur mostly as interstitial material around the oolites. 
The rock is an oolitic limestone capable of wide industrial appli¬ 
cation. Its absolute freedom from iron is noteworthy. 

Birdseye Limestone 

No. 9, No. 29, Ky. G. S. This sample of birdseye limestone 
came from Tyrone, Anderson County, Kentucky. It was col¬ 
lected July 22, 1921. 

Under the microscope the section shows a very fine grained, 

granular, semi-opaque ground mass containing a small amount 

of anisotropic mineral in crystalline aggregates, an occasional 

eve or rounded mass of calcite resembling a well crystallized 
«/ 

oolite and numerous small rhombehedral crystals, sometimes 
making up half of the field. The section is homogeneous except 
for the features noted, which are evenly distributed through the 
mass. Occasional black or brownish black opaque specks are 
scattered through the section. These are probably carbonaceous 



56 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


material. They are not in sufficient abundance to impart defi¬ 
nite color to the rock. The fine grained ground mass will not 
give any resemblance of an interference figure showing its non¬ 
crystalline character. The rhombohedrons are uniaxial and 
negative, proving them to be calcite, CaC0 3 . 

The rock is a fine grained, semi-crystalline limestone or 
marble, free from iron. It is therefore a very valuable build¬ 
ing stone. 

Mottled Marble 

No. 10, No. 71, Ky. G. S. This sample is a mottled lime¬ 
stone containing many zigzag lines of colored material. It came 
from Bardstown, Nelson County, Kentucky, and was collected 
September 3, 1922. 

Under the microscope the section shows a medium grained, 
granular, well-crystallized aggregate of calcite. Some of the 
grains are rather irregular, but a large number of them have 
developed into regular symmetrical rhombohedrons. 

The section contains a few scattered grains of quartz which 
are quite small as compared with the calcite. All of them are 
well rounded, as if by water action. There is in the slide a 
small fragment of a green mineral which is rather peculiar. It 
shows no cleavage, is not pleochroic, and has a rather low order 
of birefringence. Its index of refraction is about the same as 
that of calcite, and it contains fragments of calcite. Under 
the high power, the mineral appears scaly, with a bluish inter¬ 
ference color. It is probably chlorite. There is also present a 
second fragment of a mineral which conforms in optical prop¬ 
erties to chlorite. There is also present a single crystal of 
biotite, joartly chloritized. The chlorite was therefore derived 
from biotite. The rock is a marble mineralogically. It is well 
suited for industrial work. 

Dark Gray Crystalline Marble 

No. 11. This sample of dark crystalline marble came from 
Norwood, Pulaski County, Kentucky. It was collected July 
26, 1921. 

This slide shows a crystalline aggregate of calcite with 
numerous oolites and fossil forms. Some of the oolites are 




DESCRIPTION OP MICROSCOPIC SLIDES 


57 


stained with limonite, which gives them a reddish or yellowish 
brown tinge. The crystals of calcite show high interference 
colors, and in many cases twinned striations. All of them show 
good cleavage, which is so characteristic of true calcite. 

The fossil forms are quite numerous. Some look very much 
like the cross-section oif a plant stem or a crinoid, while others 
more closely resemble a longitudinal section of the same plant 
or crinoid. These fossils are quite abundant. The oolites do 
not appear to have been disturbed by crustal movements. 

In this slide there are numerous well-rounded grains of 
quartz. Some of these are within the oolites and some occupy 
interstitial spaces among the oolites and the calcite. There is 
also a little carbonaceous matter present, which imparts the 
dark gray color to the rock. This marble is susceptible of a 
high polish, and is better suited for decorative interior work 
than it is for constructional purposes. 

Dark Gray Crystalline Marble 

No. 12. The sample from which this slide was cut came 
from the Smith quarry, Georgetown, Scott County, Kentucky. 
It was collected August 8, 1921. 

Under the microscope this slide shows a granular aggregate 
of crystallized calcite with a very few oolites. Most of the cal¬ 
cite is well crystallized. The larger crystals show characteristic 
striations. In some portions of the slide the entire material of 
the original limestone has been recrystallized, while in other 
portions the crystillization is not quite complete. The finer and 
more granular portions do not show good crystallographic devel¬ 
opment, but the well developed larger crystals give perfect 
interference figures, and show typical calcite cleavage. 

There is present a very small amount of carbonaceous mate¬ 
rial, to which the dark color of the rock is due. This color may 
be intensified by a very slight limonite stain concentrated in the 
vicinity of the oolites. There are in this slide a very few well- 
rounded quartz grains. 

The rock as a whole appears to be sufficiently crystallized 
to be classed as a marble. It is susceptible of a high polish, and 
well suited for decorative interior work. 




58 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Dark Gray Marble 

No. 13, No. 54, Ky. G. S. This sample came from the City 
quarry, Flemingsburg, Fleming County, Kentucky. It wias 
collected August 15, 1921. 

Under the microscope this slide shows a granular aggre¬ 
gate of caleite crystals, with many oolites and fossil forms. The 
oolites and fossil forms are more abundant than they are in slide 
No. 12. The crystallization is not complete for the entire slide, 
but there are many rhombohedrons which show good caleite cleav¬ 
ages and give interference figures. In some sections the calcium 
carbonate of the original limestone is completely crystallized, 
while in others it remains a granular, semi-opaque mass. There 
are also in this slide a very few grains of well-rounded quartz. 
The carbonaceous matter is insufficiently abundant to impart 
the dark grav color to the rock. 

o %j 

The rock is a semi-crystalline limestone or marble suffi¬ 
ciently crystallized to receive a high polish, and well suited for 
interior work. 

Bluestone 

No. 14, No. 15, Ky. G. S. This sample came from the quarry 
of the Kentucky Bluestone Company, Bluestone, Rowan County, 
Kentucky. It was collected July 8, 1921. 

Under the microscope the slide is shown to be a clastic 
rock. The principal constituent is quartz, which occurs in small 
rounded or subangular grains. The other minerals present are 
feldspars (species not known), muscovite, sericite, biotite, chol- 
rite, caleite and zircon. 

Quartz is by far the most prominent mineral in the slide. 
The grains are quite uniform in size and well water-worn, as 
if they represented a transported sediment. 

The other minerals present are scattered through the slide 
as isolated fragments. They are all well rounded and quite small. 
Scattered through this slide there are some rounded opaque 
grains, which are white or yellowish white in color when seen by 
reflected light. The identification of these grains is not certain. 
However, there are two or three possibilities that suggest them¬ 
selves. They resemble lucoene, but there are no accompanying 
fragments of ilmenite from which they may have been derived. 




59 


DESCRIPTION OF MICROSCOPIC SLIDES 

Kaolinite suggests itself as a possibility, also turgite, but both 
of these are very doubtful. 

The rock has evidently undergone some alteration, as is 
evidenced by the presence of scaly sericite and the limonite 
stains. There is no evidence of the recrystallization of the sand 
grains. Therefore the rock is best cataloged as a sandstone with 
calcium carbonate and clayey matter as the cements binding 
the sand grains together. 

This sandstone is so fine grained and even textured that it 
is a valuable constructional stone. 

Sandstone 

No. 15, No. 42, Ky. G. S. The sample of fine grained sand¬ 
stone from which this slide was cut came from the Langford 
quarry, Rockcastle County, Kentucky. It was collected July 
29, 1921. 

This slide is composed of small angular grains of quartz 
together with a considerable quantity of fine sericite scales and 
scattered grains of chlorite, muscovite, limonite, zircon, apatite 
and leucoxene, an alteration product of elmerrite. 

The grains of quartz are a little more angular and a little 
more irregular in size than they are in the sample from Blue- 
stone. The accessory minerals are present in similar proportions 
to those in the Bluestone sample. The light colored opaque 
mineral taken to be leucoxene is present in this section in numer¬ 
ous well-rounded grains. The rock is a sandstone with clayey 
matter serving as the cement. It is a valuable constructional 
stone. 





































































































CHAPTER VI. 

EASTERN KENTUCKY 

The area embraced in Eastern Kentucky includes all the 

t/ 

eastern part of the State and the Knobs adjacent to the region. 
Many of these Knobs border the Bluegrass section on the east. 
The western boundary may be marked by a line drawn approxi¬ 
mately north 45 degrees east through Clinton, Wayne, Pulaski, 
Rockcastle, Estill, Powell, Menefee, Rowan and Lewis Counties. 
The last county mentioned borders the Ohio River. The coun¬ 
ties will be listed in this chapter in alphabetical order, whether 
visited in the field work or not visited for lack of time. This 
arrangement will aid materially in finding information concern¬ 
ing the building stones of the various counties. 

Bell County 

The building stones of Bell County are essentially sand¬ 
stones of Pennsylvania^! age. Ten quarries either active or 
abandoned were located within the county. The striking excep¬ 
tion to the sandstones is found in the Jack Asher quarry. 

(1) The Jack Asher quarry is situated about 30 rods south 
of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad station at Pineville, the 
county seat, where by the Pine Mountain fault, with displace¬ 
ment of 1,500 feet or more, the upper Mississippian limestone 
has been brought into view. The quarry opening is approxi¬ 
mately 200 feet in length, 100 feet in width, and the quarry face 
was estimated 100 feet in height. 

The uppermost beds are of sandstone, which is not regarded 
as good for building purposes. 

The upper portion of the limestone beds comprises about 40 
feet of well crystallized limestones, reasonably free from chert 
nodules. This would make a fairly satisfactory building stone. 
The lower 50 feet consists of a dark gray semi-crystalline lime¬ 
stone with chert nodules more or less scattered through the stone. 
The cherty limestones elsewhere in the State have been used 
for constructional work. 

(2) The Joseph Smith quarry, operated by Tom Caton, 
is situated within the city limits, one-fourth of a mile north of 
the Continental Hotel. It is a bluish sandstone which weathers 


62 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


dark on exposure to the atmosphere and is said to be the stone 
used in the stone front next to the Bell National Bank. 

(3) This quarry is situated within 300 yards of the Louis¬ 
ville & Nashville freight depot. A quarry has been opened at 
the south end of a bluff extending north and south along the 
railroad. The stone is slightly bluish gray, very tine grained, 
and somewhat micaceous. It appears a little softer than the 
stone at the north end of the same bluff. The stone is used for 
building purposes. 

(4) At the north end of the same bluff there is an aban¬ 
doned quarry of bluish gray, fine grained, slightly micaceous 
sandstone that would make a most excellent building stone. It 
is free from iron, hammers white, and is very pleasing in its 
effect. A quarry opening 1,000 feet in length of working face, 
with height of 50 feet, could easily be effected. Some of the beds 
are more than 10 feet in thickness, without seam or flaw. 

(5) Near where the Louisville & Nashville Railroad crosses 
Bennett’s Branch just north of the Kentucky-Tcnnessee State 
line there is a small quarry of fine grained, micaceous sandstone 
of good quality. This quarry is about 3 miles southwest of 
Middlesboro. 

(6) This quarry is located near the mouth of Bearfork 
Branch of Stony Fork some 2 miles west of Middlesboro. This 
stone is fine grained and micaceous. 

(7) This quarry is situated near the mouth of Hignite 
Creek about 4 miles west of Middlesboro and just to the north 
of a branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The stone 
appears the same as in No. 6. 

(8) This quarry is located on Stony Fork, 5 miles west 
of Middlesboro. The stone for the American Association build¬ 
ing in Middlesboro came from this quarry. 

(9) There is a small quarry 10 miles west of Middlesboro 
near the junction of Clear Fork and Sowder Creek. The stone 
for the piers and abutments of the Louisville & Nashville bridge 
over Clear Fork came from this quarry. The stone is of pinkish 
color, of medium grain, and weathers well. 

(10) This quarry is situated near the junction of Brown’s 
Branch and Yellow Creek about 3 miles north of Middlesboro. 




_ EASTERN KENTUCKY 63 

It is close to the Louisville & Nashville Railroad on the State 
road from Middlesboro to Pineville. It is therefore the most 
accessible of all the quarries of the lower half of Bell County. 
The stone is fine grained, bluish gray, and should be used for 
building purposes. 

The front of the Exhibition Hall and Library at Middles¬ 
boro is of local stone. Local stone is also used in the Citizens 
Bank & Trust Building, the Coal, Iron & Bank Building, and 
in many foundations and walls. 

Boyd County 

The outcrops of sedimentary rocks listed as quarries or 
quarry prospects are all in sandstones of Pennsylvanian age. 
Nine such quarries are listed within the county. Five of them 
are just southwest of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad and only 



1. ASHLAND RAILROAD STATION. 

Station on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad at Ashland, Boyd County, 
Ky. It was built of Rowan County freestone. 


a few rods to the southwest of the Ohio River. The other four 
are situated to the east by southeast of the Louisville Division 
of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, and strictly speaking are 
quarry prospects. 










64 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(1) The quarry of the Ashland Cement & Construction 
Company is 1 mile northwest of Ashland. The stone is of dark 
bluish gray color, micaceous, of medium texture, and somewhat 
banded. It has been used to quite an extent in construction 
work. 

(2) The John Paul Jones quarry is situated 1 y 2 miles 
northwest of Ashland in the same range of bluffs as No. 1. The 
stone in the Christian Science Church on Seventeenth Street, 
Ashland, came from this quarry, more than twenty-five years 
ago. The quarry is now abandoned, although much good stone 
can be obtained at this site. 

(3) This is an abandoned quarry 3 miles northwest of 
Ashland. Stone was quarried here some 17 or 18 years ago for 
the coke ovens of the Ashland Iron & Mining Company. 

(4) At the Cliffside Bluffs, 2 miles south of Ashland, 
there is a very massive, somewhat bluish gray, slightly micaceous 
sandstone which occurs in beds several feet in thickness. A 
quarry could easily be opened here, with a 50-foot working face. 
Furthermore, such a quarry would be only a few rods from the 
railroad for shipping the quarry products. A little further to 
the west on this line of bluffs there are sandstone exposures 
with individual beds from 10 to 20 feet in thickness that should 
make a very good building stone. Stone was quarried at Cliff- 
side several years ago for a dwelling in Ashland and has given 
very satisfactory results. This sandstone is the Homewood. 

(5) This quarry is situated within the city limits of Cat- 
lettsburg, the county seat. It is a massive, thick bedded, bluish 
gray, micaceous sandstone that is fairly well suited for con¬ 
structional work. The numerous spalls from this quarry show 
few if any ill effects of weathering. The quarry is abandoned 
because of the close proximity of dwelling houses. 

Overlying the bluish gray, massive sandstone there is often 
15 to 20 feet of a cream-buff colored, medium grained sandstone 
that appears to have never been opened up back of the zone 
of weathering. An analysis of a surface sample gave 89.55 per 
cent of Si0 2 and 1.12 per cent of ferric oxide. How much of the 
iron content may have resulted from surface weathering is not 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


65 


known. It should make a fairly satisfactory building stone with 
a judicious selection of the blocks. 

(6) This quarry possibility is situated a little south of 
Summit Herd. The rock is a white to creamy white, medium 
grained sandstone, occurring in beds of merchantable thickness. 

(7) This quarry possibility occurs at Princess. It is in the 
same white or yellowish white, medium grained sandstone for¬ 
mation as No. f>. 


(8) A cut made in the construction of the permanent roads 
over Laurel Hill was made through a more or less massive, 
bluish gray, fine grained and micaceous sandstone that is of 
especial interest in view of the character of the sandstone near 
Cannonsburg. 


(9) This cut was made in the construction of a perma¬ 
nent road from Ashland 1o Cannonsburg. This sandstone is 
very hard, compact, calcitic, micaceous and arkosic. The cal- 
cite is for the most part well crystallized and is the interstitial 
material surrounding the grains of the other minerals. The few 
well-rounded quartz grains have been derived from the decom¬ 
position of an unknown quartzite, which appears as microscopic 
pebbles in the rock. The most of the quartz grains are large 
and angular, suggesting residual quartz. This angularity is so 
pronounced that it is evident to the observer that the material 
could not have suffered transportation to any considerable 
distance. 


The angularity of the large quartz grains, the abundance 
of the feldspars, orthoclase, microcline and albite, the numerous 
scales of muscovite, arranged somewhat in parallel layers in 
the hand samples, together with the paucity of biotite crystals, 
suggests that the rock was derived from a muscovite granite 
low in its biotite content. If the evidence is correctly trans¬ 
lated, then this arkose has written a new chapter in the geologic 
history of Kentucky. Granitic intrusions of unknown age 
invaded sediments of unknown age, possibly Cambrian, which 
suffered erosion of probably 5,000 feet of overlying strata before 
Mississippian time. The granite mass may have been an island 
during Mississippian and early Pennsylvanian time, and the 


B. s.—3 






G6 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


sediments comprising the arkose deposited upon its flanks and 
crest near the close of the Pennsylvanian in Kientucky. 

As this type of rock has not been found before in Kentucky, 
the formation is named the Cannonsburg Arkose. Detailed field 
work and much petrographic study is necessary to determine 
the extent of the formation. It is not expected to prove 
extensive. 

The massive portions should make a good building stone, 
and the whole formation a most excellent road stone. For a 
description of this rock in detail see Slide No. 1 in Chapter V, 
which is the same as Sample No. 19 of the Kentucky Geological 

Survev. 

< • 

Samples of limestones that should have commercial possi¬ 
bilities were submitted to the author from the east of Poorliouse 
Fork, East Fork and north of Boles Fork. 

Breathitt County 

There is a quarry near Jackson in yellowish brown sand¬ 
stone. The stone is used for building purposes around Jackson, 

the countv seat. 

«/ 


Carter County 

There are 11 quarries located in Carter County, mostly 
in limestone of Mississippian age. Seven of the quarries are 
located along the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. The limestones 
are with one exception non-dolomitic. 

(1) This quarry is situated at Highland, near Enterprise. 
It is owned and operated by the Olive Hill Limestone Company. 
The limestone is massive, with some beds bluish gray and others 
nearly white in color. It is siliceous and contains some clayey 
matter. The calcium carbonate content is 50.00 per cent, and 
the magnesium carbonate reaches 21.36 per cent. It is therefore 
strongly dolomitic, but the magnesium carbonate is not suffi¬ 
ciently high for the rock to be classed as a true dolomite. 

(2) This quarry is situated at Lawton. The individual 
beds sometimes reach a thickness of 4 feet. The stone ranges 
in color from a grayish white to nearly white. The rift and 
grain of the stone are good. The calcium carbonate content 




EASTERN KENTUCKY 


67 


is 96.28 per cent, and according to the chemist of the Libby- 
Owens Glass Company of Toledo, Ohio, there is no magnesium 
carbonate present, and only a faint trace of iron oxides. The 
stone should therefore weather well, and make with judicious 
selection a very satisfactory building stone. 

(3) This quarry is located at Limestone. It is owned and 
operated by the Olive Hill Limestone Company. The quarry is 
about 500 feet in length, 200 feet in breadth, and 65 feet in 
depth. 

The limestone is hard and breaks with a conchoidal frac¬ 
ture. It is somewhat metamorphosed, for it carries narrow 
veins with crvstals of cal cite. The iron oxide content is only 
0.48 per cent, and the clayey matter is very low. It is non- 
dolomitic. 

(4) This quarry is about 1 mile east of Olive Hill on the 
north side of the railroad. It is owned and operated by the 
Olive Hill Limestone Company. It is some 800 feet in length, 
200 feet in breadth, with a working face of approximately 83 
feet. Some of the beds are 22 feet in thickness. Some of them 
are quite crystalline and would make a very good building 
stone. This holds especially true in the lower portions of the 
quarry. A few of the thinner beds contain much clayey matter, 
and neither wear nor weather well. This quarry formerly 
belonged to the Atlas Stone Company. 

(5) This quarry is situated on the south side of the rail¬ 
road about one-fourth mile from No. 4. It is known as the 
Highland quarry. The characteristics of the limestone at this 
quarry are the same as at No. 4, and the entire output is used 
as crushed stone for road building, railroad ballast, street work 
and the construction of the Midland Trail. 

This quarry extends into the hill to the south, while No. 4 
extends into the hill to the north. Each with an increasing 
depth of working face. 

(6) This quarry is at Grayson, the county seat of Grayson 
County. It is reached by the Eastern Kentucky Railroad 
extending north from Hitchings. According to D. S. L. War- 
nock, contractor and builder, Grayson, Kentucky, the quarry 



68 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


possibilities are large, and the stone is used locally for build¬ 
ing purposes. 

(7) This quarry is located at Carter. It is reached by a 
spur of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad from Garrison. There 
is a large crusher here, and the stone is used along the Chesa¬ 
peake & Ohio Railroad. 

(8) This quarry is located about 1 mile west of Carter 
by the spur of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. The stone is 
like that in quarry No. 7. 

(9) This quarry is situated on the John B. Gregory 
Estate, now owned by Harriet Gregory Barney, about 5 miles 
from Grayson and 10 miles from Olive Hill. The quarry was 
opened up to furnish stone for bridges, culverts, and construc¬ 
tion of the Midland Trail. This stone is one of the best in 
eastern Kentucky. It is a grayish white in color, fine to medium 
grained, oolitic in texture, and semi-crystallized. It is an 
excellent building stone. 

(10) This quarry is in sandstone rather than limestone, 
and is situated at Lawton. The quarry is owned by the Camp 
Glass Company of Huntington, West Virginia. The purer beds 
are from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, white or yellowish white in 
color, and with little cementing material binding the sand grains 
together. The percentage of quartz sand is 99.45 with only 
0.04 per cent of iron oxides. It is not impossible, as the quarry 
is carried back further into the hill, that good building stone 
may be found. 

(11) The General Refractories Company of Olive Hill 
operate a small quarry of sandstone which is situated about 
one-half mile west of their factory. The lower 15 feet in the 
quarry is white or faintly yellowish white in color, but too 
brittle for constructional work. 

Along the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad between Grahn and 
Leon theie aie huge bluffs of a massive yellowish white sand¬ 
stone. Some of the beds are 25 to 50 feet in thickness. They 
are Pennsylvanian in age. It could not be ascertained that any 
quarrying had ever been done in this section. The area is 
worthy of investigation. 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


69 


Near Willard there are high bluffs of massive sandstone 
that would make a very good building stone. Apparently blocks 
of considerable dimensions could be secured here. 

Clay County 

According to Philip G. Russell, in his Report on the Coals 
of Sexton Creek, sandstones of Pennsylvanian age, Lower Potts- 
ville, are widely distributed in Clay County. The sandstones 
are fine grained and massive, save the sandstone overlying the 
Burns Coal, which is massive and medium to coarse grained. 
The sandstones underlying the Manchester coal are often cross- 
bedded. The sandstones of Clay County range in color from 
white to grayish white, and should be well adapted for local 
construction. 

According to James M. Hodge in his Report on the Coals 
of Bullskin and Redbird Creeks, the same Pennsylvanian sand¬ 
stones as mentioned above sometimes attain a thickness of 50 feet 
in this region. Distance from point of shipment is against a 
wide use of these products, but they should be used locally in 
constructional work, and probably have been used around Man¬ 
chester, the county seat. 

Clinton County 

This county was not visited by the author on account of its 
general inaccessibility by rail. The reader is therefore referred 
to The Geology of Clinton County by R. II. Loughridge for the 
discussion of the different terranes within the county. 

According to the State Geologic Map the rocks are nearly 
all Mississippian, with a tongue of the Pennsylvanian system 
extending into the county to the northeast of Albany, the county 
seat. There are also several outliers of Pennsylvanian rocks 
apparently forming the crests of the Knobs. The total thick¬ 
ness of rocks exposed in the county is 1,300 feet. Many of the 
sandstones are massive and of greenish color, possibly due to 
chlorite, possibly to glauconite, and some of them are micaceous. 

According to information received July 10, 1922, three are 
five quarries within the county. They are all in the limestones 
of Mississippian age. 




70 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(1) Albany Quarry. This quarry is situated just north 
of Albany, and furnished the stone for the foundation of the 
courthouse. The stone is of light blue color and weathers well. 

(2) Graded School Quarry. This quarry is situated just 
east of Albany and furnished the stone for the foundation of the 
graded school. It also furnished the stone for the foundation 
of several churches and dwellings. 

(3) This quarry is some 4 miles west of Albany on the 
Albanv-Cartwright-Monticello Pike. It has furnished much blue 
and gray limestone for road work. The beds are from 1 to 2 
feet in thickness and massive. 

(4) This quarry is on Guinn Mountain, formerly called 
Poplar Mountain, and is some 6 miles from Albany. Here the 
oolitic and semi-oolitic limestones attain a thickness approxi¬ 
mating to 150 feet, and should furnish much excellent building 
stone for local uses. 

(5) Some 4 miles north of Albanv toward Seventy-six 
there are many thick beds of massive limestone of blue to bluish 
gray color that could furnish good building stone. 

Elliott County 

The terranes of Elliott County are prevailingly of sedimen¬ 
tary origin, save the small area of peridotite dikes in the eastern 
part of the county. The sedimentaries all belong to the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system (Pottsville), save a small area of Mississippian 
limestone (Lower Carboniferous) in the northwestern part of 
the county, a few miles to the southeast of Limestone in Carter 
County. 

The sandstones are massive, of bluish gray and yellowish 
white color, and sometimes furnish beds 50 feet or more in 
thickness. It should contain beds sufficiently pure for local 
use, and it probably has been used in Sandy Hook, the county 
seat. 

Elliott County is one of the four counties of Kentucky 
invaded by intrusives. These basic igneous rocks occur as dikes 
in the hills on each side of Ison Creek just west of Stephens in 
the eastern part of the county. They came from the zone of 
flowage in the interior of the earth, but did not flow out over 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


71 


the surface as lava. The area traversed by these dikes covers 
only a few acres, and all of the isolated masses may logically 
be considered parts of a single intrusion, for they are identical 
in mineral composition. 

The peridotite presents somewhat the appearance of a 
breccia, for angular fragments of shale, sandstone and lime¬ 
stone are encased within it. The amount of metamorphism that 
has taken place in these inclosed fragments is surprisingly 
little, showing that the magma from which the peridotite formed 
had cooled nearly to the point of solidification when it gathered 
up these fragments of invaded rocks. High temperatures would 
have favored the resorption of the inclusions. 

The specimens studied by the author are grayish black in 
color and porphyritic. The phenocrysts are fresk olivine, with 
edges rounded as if resorbed by the magma after their crystal¬ 
lization. Enstatite, biotite, and the garnet, pyrope, are very 
abundant. Ilmenite and apatite are present. 

Peridotites alter readily. The iron is the first to go. It 
yields magnetite. The magnesium silicate takes up water, and 
the hydrous silicate of magnesium, serpentine, results. In the 
presence of carbonated waters magnesite may form. In their 
absence some free silica may be derived. In the presence of cal¬ 
cium bearing pyroxenes, some calcium carbonate, calcite, or cal¬ 
cium and magnesium carbonate, dolomite, will result. In the 
process of the serpentinization of olivine there is an expansion 
of from 12 to 14 per cent and much fracturing occurs. The 
fracture planes may be filled with calcite, dolomite, or mag¬ 
nesite. The massive rock is then known as verd antique marble, 
which is susceptible of a high polish, and well suited for decora¬ 
tive interior work. A polished sample of this rock can be seen in 
the museum of the Geological Survey at Frankfort. 

The mineral composition of this peridotite is so closely 
related to that of the diamondiferous Kimberlite of South Africa 
that J. S. Diller of the U. S. Geological Survey has named it 
Kimberlite. 

Estill County 

The terranes of Estill County are essentially sandstones, 
shales and limestones of Mississippian age. However, many 





72 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


tongues of the Pennsylvanian system extend westward into the 
M iss i s sip p i an formations. 

To the east of Irvine, the county seat of Estill County, 
there occurs a hill known as “Minerva Mountain.” On the side 
of this mountain, or knob, the strata are more or less exposed 
from the Ohio shale to the Lower Carboniferous limestone. A 
vertical section shows in the Upper Waverlian series 24 feet of 
a massive, buff colored, argillaceous sandstone. This sandstone 
could furnish building stone for local use. The remainder of the 
rocks on the mountain are too shaly and friable for building 
stone. 

Near Cottage Furnace there occurs a sub-Carboniferous 
limestone in beds of merchantable thickness. The stone is of 
gray color, tine grained and granular. Its calcium carbonate 
content reaches 92.02 per cent. It is siliceous and non-dolomitic. 
Some beds should be found in this limestone that would furnish 
good building stone for local use. Lithographic limestone has 
been quarried in this county, but the exact location is not known 
to the author. 


Floyd County 

All the terranes of Floyd County are of Pennsylvanian 

age. No limestones are known to occur within the county. The 

*/ 

building stones of Floyd County are therefore all sandstones. 

(1) There is an abandoned quarry L50 yards east of West 
?stonsburg lv liioli was in active operation some 15 years ago. 

The stone is bluish gray in color, fine grained, and of even 
texture. Some of the individual beds are 8 to 10 feet thick. The 
total thickness of the working face could easily be 50 feet. The 
foundation of the Walter S. Harkins residence came from this 
quarry. The quarry is now owned by II. H. Fitzpatrick of 
Prestonsburg. 

(2) This quarry is owned by Mrs. Josie D. Harkins of 
I rcstonsburg. It is situated one-half mile from Prestonsburg on 
the east side of the Levisa River. A working face 1,000 feet in 
length and 50 feet in height could easily be obtained. The stone 
is white to a yellowish white in color, fine to medium grained, 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


73 


with some surfaces long exposed somewhat iron stained. The 
quarry opening is now small, but stones for local use could 
easily be secured. 





2. HARKINS LAW BUILDING. 

This building- is at Prestonsburg-, Floyd County, Ky., and was built of 

Rowan County freestone. 

(3) The quarry owned by L. P. May and Thomas Lanhan 
is situated 1 mile from Prestonburg on the east side of the 
Levisa River. The stone is the same as No. 2. It is used for 
curbing, foundation work and paving the streets of Prestons¬ 
burg, the county seat. A 30-ton crusher is at work here. 

(4) The Anna Mayo quarry is situated 2 miles above 
Prestonsburg on the east side of the Levisa River. The stone 
is white to yellowish white in color, of medium texture, with 
perfect rift and grain. The stone is being quarried for bridge 
purposes and foundation work. The author has named this 
formation the Peach Orchard sandstone from Peach Orchard 
in Lawrence County, where this sandstone is especially abundant 
and thick bedded. 

The stone hammers a pure white, and is pleasiing in its 
effect. Along this ridge a quarry opening can be secured more 
than 1,000 feet in length, with a height of working face more 
than 50 feet. The purer and better blocks should be saved 
for constructional work, and the grout used in road work. 


















74 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The sandstone underlying- this 'building stone is not a 
commercial proposition. 

(5) At Cliff, some 2 miles below Prestonsburg on the 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, this same sandstone appears in 
beds from 30 to 40 feet in thickness. Some of the blocks are 
fairly white, while others are iron stained by the iron content of 
the soil overburden. No recent work has been done at this 
opening. 

(6) Just below Banner, some 10 miles above Prestonsburg 
and on the west side of the Levisa, a drab colored, fine grained, 
even textured, massive, micaceous sandstone has been quarried 
for a retaining wall for a siding to a coal tipple. The stone 
weathers well, works easily, and some 5,000 cubic feet of the 
stone has been quarried. 

The Bank Josephine at Prestonsburg was built in 1916 of 
Rowan County Freestone from the Dr. Van Antwerp quarry. 
The columns and trimmings are of Bedford, Indiana, oolitic 
limestone. 

Greenup County 

The terranes of Greenup County comprise both the Penn¬ 
sylvanian and the Mississippian systems. The former system 
predominates. There was but one quarry visited in this county, 
and only one quarry is known to exist within the county. This 
is in the extreme southeastern corner of the countv, at Mandy. 
At this quarry there is 15 feet of grayish white to white sand¬ 
stone, beneath which there is 20 feet of massive, hard, bluish 
gray, somewhat micaceous sandstone. This stone is also fine 
grained, of even texture, and would make a good buliding stone 
for local use. Greenup is the county seat. 

On the hill to the north of South Portsmouth thick beds 
of massive, buff colored, even textured sandstone occur. These 
could be used locally. The same buff colored sandstone occurs 
at Limeville, a few miles above South Portsmouth. 

Near the Kenton Furnace the Mississippian limestones are 
more or less massive, of light gray color, and traversed by small 
veins of calcite. The calcium carbonate content reaches 94.98 
per cent. The limestone is non-dolomitic, and carries a little 
clayey matter. 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


75 


Harlan County 

The terranes of Harlan County are all Pennsylvanian, save 
a narrow strip of Mississippian limestone traversing the northern 
part of the county, and brought up by the Pine Mountain fault. 
While at Middlesboro one large quarry in sandstone was 
reported to be active at Harlan, the county seat, and the stone 
was said to be used locally for foundations, curbing and paving. 
This stone was reported as a massive sandstone that would make 
a very good building stone with judicious selection of the build¬ 
ing blocks. 


Jackson County 

The terranes of Jackson County consist mostly of the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system, with outliers of the Mississippian system in 
the northwestern part of the county. Since this county is 
situated directly to the east of Rockcastle County, which is so 
rich in its building stone possibilities, it is only reasonable to 
expect that good building stone for local use may be found in 
the Mississippian system, and that it has been used at McKee, 
the county seat. 


Johnson County 

The terranes of Johnson County all belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. The one building stone in the countv is a sand- 
stone. The one quarry is on the farm of Bud Stafford, just out¬ 
side of the city limits of Paintsville, the county seat, and south 
of Paint Creek. This quarry was active in 1909, for in that year 
the John C. C. Mayo College at Paintsville was erected, and 
also the Mayo Memorial Church, now known as the Southern 
Methodist Church. This church was the gift of Mr. Mayo. The 
large columns in the front of the college are sectional, and show 
few, if any, defects. Each of the small columns represents a 
single piece of stone, hand finished, and illustrates well the 
decorative effect of this stone. The stone was in part hauled 
across Paint Creek by mules, and in part sent over by tram. A 
large and profitable quarry can be opened up at this site. The 
spalls around the quarry are still bright, showing no oxidation of 
an iron content. This also holds true of the quarry face. 



76 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


This sandstone is of neutral gray color, fine to medium 
grain, even texture, micaceous, sufficiently soft to work easily, 
sufficiently hard to cut to a sharp edge, and with good rift and 
grain. The aluminum content is sufficiently high to suggest that 
this sandstone is arkosic. 



3. JOHN C. C. MAYO COLLEGE. 

This college is at Paintsville, Johnson County, Ky. The larg-e columns 
are sectional and came from the Mayo quarry. The small columns were 
made by hand from single blocks of sandstone from the same quarry. 


It is not definitely known to the author that this formation 
has ever received a definite strati graphical name. Therefore, 
the name Paintsville Sandstone is proposed, which upon petro¬ 
graphic study may later be changed, if sufficiently arkosic, to 
the Paintsville Arkose. It is at Paintsville that this formation 
reaches its best development as a building stone. Massive sand¬ 
stones also occur in other localities near Paintsville, the county 

seat of Johnson County. 

«/ 


Knott County 

The terranes of this county are entirely Pennsylvanian, and 
the outcrop should be chiefly sandstone. No quarry is known to 
exist in the county, but that does not preclude the possibility 
of quarrying sandstone for local use. 








EASTERN KENTUCKY 


77 


Knox County 

The terranes of Knox County are entirely in the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. The prevailing building stone is a micaceous 
sandstone. This sandstone is of neutral gray color, fine to 
medium grain, even texture, and works easily. The 4 quarries 
in the county are all similar in structure and composition. 

(1) This quarry is situated about one-half mile east of 
Barbourville, the county seat of Knox County. The quarry is 
said to be owned by F. D. Sampson, Judge of the Court of 
Appeals. The stone for the First National Bank of Barbour¬ 
ville came from this quarry. It is a good building stone. 

(2) The Judge Tuggle quarry is situated about 1 mile 
northwest of Barbourville. The stone has been used quite a 
little locally, and is a good building stone. 

(3) This quarry is situated some 3 or 4 miles to the 
southeast of Barbourville on Fighting Creek. It is on land 
owned by Mrs. Raswick. The stone is harder than at either of 
the quarries mentioned, and is therefore better for road work, 
but not necessarily better for constructional work. 

(4) A quarry not visited by the author was reported to 
exist at Heidrick, and the stone said to be used locally for 
building purposes. 


Laurel County 

The terranes of Laurel County are Pennsylvanian in age, 
save the extreme western border along the Rockcastle River, 
which is Mississippian. 

There is a large quarry in Chester limestone 1 mile south 
of Livingston, on the east side of the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad. The individual beds are from 2 to 5 feet in thick¬ 
ness. The stone is of steel gray color, fine grained, clolomitie, 
and a fine building stone. 

Lawrence County 

The terranes of Lawrence County belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. Therefore, the only rocks suitable for building 
stone in Lawrence County are sandstones. These are very 
abundant. As a rule these sandstones will not bear the cost of 




78 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


long transportation, but as local building stones they have 
proved of value in the construction of dwellings, underpinnings, 
chimneys, fireplaces, curbing and culverts for railroads. Some 
of the sandstones can be cut into blocks of considerable dimen¬ 
sion, but the most of it is better suited for the rougher pur¬ 
poses. It serves as a cheap and very accessible source of supply. 



4. COUNTY JAIL. 

This jail is at Louisa, Lawrence County, Ivy. It was built of Rowan 

County freestone. 


Most of the sandstone is micaceous, and much of it is arkosic. 
Most of it is from fine to medium grain in texture, but part of it 
is coarse and conglomeratic. A part of it is friable and dis¬ 
integrates readily to a. fine sand. When such exposures are wind¬ 
swept the surface of the exposure is often white or yellowish 
white in color. A part of the sandstone is of neutral srrav or 
bluish gray color, and very massive. The neutral gray sand¬ 
stone is always resistant, but the yellowish white sandstones are 
more friable and become resistant after the evaporation of the 
quarry water. Some of these were used as curbing in Louisa 
fifty-five years ago, and are still quite well preserved. 








EASTERN KENTUCKY 


79 


The Mahoning sandstone is quite well exposed along the 
Big Sandy River. It has been used by the Norfolk & Western 
Railroad along Tug Fork, and by the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail¬ 
road on Levisa Fork. The Pottsville formation contains many 
merchantable sandstones, and some of these have been used in 
construction work around Louisa, and by the railroads mentioned 
above. These sandstones have proved valuable. 

A sandstone higher than the Mahoning has been quarried 
for local purposes on Whites Creek, near Egypt. 

There have been at least five quarries opened in Lawrence 
County, and possibly more. 

(1) The Snyder Brothers quarry is situated three-fourths 
of a mile west of Louisa, the county seat of Lawrence County. 
The stone is massive, of dark bluish gray color, and resistant. 
The United States Government secured the stone for the lock 
and dam at Louisa from this quarry. 

(2) The Saltpeter quarry is situated at Saltpeter, West 
Virginia, 4 miles south of Louisa, but according to Colonel Jay 
H. Nortlmp, the stone for the lock and dam on Tug Fork at 
Saltpeter came from both sides of Tug Fork. 

(3) The Chapman Quarry. This quarry is located at 
Chapman, 8 miles south of Louisa, on Levisa Fork. The stone 
for the lock and dam at Chapman came from this quarry. 

(4) This quarry was situated within the corporate limits 
of Louisa. It furnished the bluish gray, massive sandstone for 
the foundations of the courthouse in Louisa. The whitish or 
yellowish white sandstone used so largely in Louisa for curbing 
came from the same quarry. 

(5) A bluish gray sandstone is reported to have been 
quarried just north of Rise station along the Chesapeake & Ohio 
Railroad on Levisa Fork, about midway between Richardson and 
Chapman. The beds are from 40 to 50 feet in thickness, and 
massive building stone can here be secured in large quantities. 

At Buchanan, 1 mile south of Louisa, on the farm of Mrs. 
Stump, there occur many bluffs of a yellowish white sandstone, 
with beds from 25 to 30 feet in thickness. According to C. J. 
Lawrence of Louisa, while drilling a well one-third mile south 
of Buchanan, 70 feet of this sandstone was encountered. 




80 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Two or more peridotite dikes were reported by J. S. Hud- 

nall, Assistant Geologist of Kentucky, to occur on Georges Creek 

in the southern part of the county. The peridotite is practically 

identical with the Elliott Countv dikes. 

«/ 


Lee County 

The terranes in the eastern part of Lee County are all 
members of the Pensylvanian system, while those in the western 
part of the county are in part Mississippian. There are three 
active quarries within the county. 

(1) This quarry is situated at Yellow Rock on a branch 
of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad between Irvine, the 
county seat of Estill County, and Beattyville, the county seat 
of Lee County. The quarry is owned by Boggs and Burnham of 
Richmond. The quarry is quite large and produces excellent 
stone for local use. 

(2) This quarry is situated at Willow, some 4 miles west 
of Beattyville. The stone ii used for culverts, bridges, railroad 
ballast and road work. The output is about 1,000 tons per day. 

(3) This quarry is on Contrary Creek a few miles south¬ 
west of Beattyville. It is a good building stone, and one of the 
best road building rocks of the State. 

(4) Government Quarry. This quarry is on the opposite 
side of the river from the Yellow Rock quarry. The stone has 
been quarried by the United States Government, and used in 
construction work along the Kentucky River. 

Leslie County 

The terranes of this county belong entirely to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. The outcrop should be prevailingly sandstones. 
The county was not visited, and it is not known to the author 
that any quarries have been opened up within the county. 

Letcher County 

The terranes of Letcher County all belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system, save a narrow strip in the southern part of the 
county, where the Pine Mountain fault has brought the Missis- 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


81 


sippian limestone into view. The outcrops of rock over most 
of the county would he sandstones, which should furnish some 
local building stone. 

There is one quarry m the county, situated between Jenkins 
and Pound Gap. It produces a considerable amount of stone for 
Jocal consumption. The rock is mostly the cherty limestone of 
the St. Louis formation. 

Lewus County 

By consulting the geologic map of Kentucky the terranes 
of Lewis County will be seen as essentially Mississippian. In 
the southeastern portion the Pennsylvanian system is repre¬ 
sented. In the northern and western portions the Devonian, 
Silurian and Ordovician formations occur. 

The county seat of Lewis County is Vanceburg. It is 
situated on the Ohio River. In the eastern end of the town 
there is a hill known as Alum Rock. AV. C. Morse, in his report 
on the AVaverlian formations of East Central Kentucky, gives 
a section exposed here with the following thickness: 


Feet 

Cuyahoga formation . 39 

Sunbury shale . 15 1/2 

Berea grit . 22 1/4 

Bedford formation . 95 5/6 

Ohio shale . 242 


In the Berea there is 15 feet of medium to coarse grained 
gray sandstone, and in the middle of the Bedford formation 
there is 38 1/3 feet of sandstone varying from thin bedded gray 
sandstones at the top to thick bedded buff sandstones toward 
the bottom of the series. The sandstones occur in definite even 
layers, which either alternate with shales, or have shalv part- 
ings. These sandstones would make good building stone. 

A r anceburg Hill is about 3 miles from A r anceburg. On the 
south side of the hill the rocks are well exposed. Morse gives 


for this section: 

Feet 

Cuyahoga formation . 182 2/3 

Sunbury shale . 15 

Berea formation . 19 1/2 












82 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


In the Cuyahoga formation there is 75 feet of excellent 
building stone. These are mostly thick bedded, argillaceous 
sandstones, ranging in color from buff to blue. 

In several other sections of the county fine grained, buff 
to blue sandstones can be secured for building purposes. The 
limestones of Lewis County are also in many instances suitable 
for constructional purposes. 

Sixteen quarries were located in Lewis County. A part 
are in the limestones and a part in the sandstones. 

(1) City Quarry. This quarry is located within the city 
limits, and is one of the best in the county. It furnishes much 
of the stone for underpinnings, curbing and street work. The 
rock is limestone. 

(2) Clarksburg Quarry. This quarry is situated 3 miles 
southwest of Vanceburg. It appeared inactive. The product is 
limestone. 

(3) L. Love Quarry. This quarry is located 31 / 2 miles 
west of Vanceburg at the mouth of Quicks Run. This repre¬ 
sents an excellent constructional stone. The stone used for the 
lock and dam at Vanceburg came from this quarry. 

(4) Tolesboro Quarry. This quarry is situated iy 2 miles 
west of Tolesboro. The quarry has furnished much excellent 
limestone for bridges, culverts and road work. The stone wears 
well. • 

(5) Concord Quarry. This quarry is located 2 miles south 
of Concord. It is in limestone and has furnished much lime¬ 
stone for local use. 

(6) Carrs Quarry. This quarry is 5 miles south of Con¬ 
cord. It is on the border between the limestone and the sand¬ 
stone. Its vertical face varies from 8 to 15 feet. 

(7) Herron Hill Quarry. This quarry is 10 miles south¬ 
west of Vanceburg. It is also on the dividing line between the 
limestones and the sandstones. 

(8) Kinney Hill Quarry. This quarry is situated some 
4 miles southwest of Vanceburg on the Kinniconick Railroad. It 
is in sandstone that works so easily that it has received the 
name freestone. The individual beds vary from 1 to 2 feet in 
thickness. This stone has been used extensivelv. 




EASTERN KENTUCKY 


83 


(9) Slate Branch Quarry. This quarry is about 1 mile 
east of Vanceburg. It furnished much of the stone for building 
purposes, curbing, sidewalks, etc., in Vanceburg. It is in sand¬ 
stone. 

(10) Dry Run Quarry. This quarry is located 1% miles 
south of Vanceburg. The stone is identical with that in quarry 
No. 9, and is used for the same purposes. 

(11) Town Branch Quarry. This quarry is located 2 
miles east of Vanceburg. Tt has furnished much stone for under¬ 
pinnings for churches and dwellings. It also furnished the 
stone for the Union Soldiers Monument at Vanceburg, which 
was the first one erected south of the Mason and Dixon line. 
The monument also carries the Honor Roll for Lewis County 
for the World War. 

(12) Grassy Creek Quarry. This quarry is situated 4 
miles south of Vanceburg. It furnished the stone for the stone 
front of the Max Block erected seventeen years ago. The indi¬ 
vidual beds of sandstone range from 20 to 26 inches in thickness. 

(13) Quincy Quarry. This quarry is located 12 miles 
east of Vanceburg. It furnished the stone for the Christian 
Church in Vanceburg. The quarry is in sandstone. The stone 
was said to have been brought down the Ohio River in barges. 

(14) Valley Quarry. This quarry is situated in Valley, 
Kentucky, 7 miles south of Vanceburg. It is in sandstone. 

(15) Alum Hill Quarry. This quarry is located on Alum 
Hill, only one-fourth of a mile from the courthouse. The county 
jail was constructed with stone from this quarry. It is in 
sandstone. 

(16) There is a limestone quarry at Garrison on the Kin- 
niconiek Branch of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad which was 
opened in 1881, and it has been in continuous operation since 

that date. 

Magoffin County 

The terranes of Magoffin County all belong to the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system. Therefore, the prominent outcrops are essen¬ 
tially sandstones. Four different horizons of sandstone beds are 
shown around Salyersville, the county seat of Magoffin County. 



84 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


These sandstones should furnish fairly satisfactory building 
stone for local use. Distance from railroads prohibits the trans¬ 
portation of building stone for long distances. 

Martin County 

The terranes of Martin County are all in the Pennsylvanian 
system. The outcrops are essentially sandstones. Some of these 
would make good building stone, and also furnish good stone 
for the railroads immediately to the east of Tug Fork. 

McCreary County 

The terranes of the eastern part of McCreary County fall 
in the Pennsylvanian system and are therefore sandstones in 
most of the outcrops. Those in the extreme northern portions 
of the county, and many sections of the western part of the 
county, are in the Mississippian formations. 

These sandstones and limestones have furnished local build¬ 
ing stoue and much stone for the Quincy & Cynthiana Railroad, 
which traverses the center of the county in a north and south 
direction through Whitley, which is the countv seat of McCreary 
County. 

Menefee County 

The terranes of the eastern part of Menefee County belong 
to the Pennsylvanian system. This group of sandstones sends 
many tongues of the Pennsylvanian rocks out into the Mississip¬ 
pian formations. There are also several outliers of Pennsyl¬ 
vanian rocks among the Knobs. 

There are three belts of Lower Carboniferous rocks in the 
county. 

(1) This exposure is along the western border of the 
county. 

(2) This one lies along the Licking drainage to the north. 

(3) This exposure falls along the Red River drainage on 
the south. 

Frenchburg, the county seat of Menefee County, is reached 
by a spur of the railroad from Mt. Sterling. Along the high¬ 
way between Frenchburg and Rothwell there is exposed 72 feet 
of Lower Carboniferous limestone underlaid by the Waverlian 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


85 


series. This limestone has been used extensively for local build¬ 
ing purposes, culverts, bridges and railroad work. The Missis- 
sippian series has very materially narrowed in passing south¬ 
ward from Lewis Countv to Menefee County. 


Morgan County 


The terranes of Morgan Countv all fall in the Pennsyl- 
vanian svstem, save a somewhat limited area in the northwestern 
part of the county, which is Mississippian. 

The conglomeratic sandstones attain a maximum thickness 
of auuroximately 200 feet. These are well shown near the mouth 
of Greasy Creek, west of the town of Licking River. The out- 
crops are more or less massive, and should furnish good building 
material. 

The sub-carboniferous limestone which rests upon the 
Waverlian formations, without any considerable thickness of 
transition rocks, has an average thickness of about 50 feet. In 
the Licking Valley in the northwestern part of the county the 
Waverlian formations attain a thickness of approximately 200 
feet. These are essentially sandstones and shales. The lime¬ 
stones contain both the dark gray and the light gray oolitic 
types. They are non-dolomitic, practically free from iron, the 
combined ferrous and feric oxide reaching only 0.32 per 
cent. The calcium carbonate content reaches 91.60 per cent, 
clayey matter practically absent, and the silica content reaches 
5.90 per cent. These rocks are therefore siliceous, oolitic lime¬ 
stones, that would make a most excellent building stone. 


Another type of the limestone in Morgan County is light 
gray and crystalline, with an irregular fracture. Its calcium 
carbonate content reaches 97.40 per cent. It is non-dolomitic, 
free from iron and susceptible of a good polish. It is suited 
not only for construction work, but also for decoiati\e interior 
work. West Liberty is the county seat of Morgan County. 


Owsley County 

The terranes of Owsley County all belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system, and the outcrops would therefore be essentially 
sandstones. No railroad penetrates the county. The county seat 
is Booneville. The county was not visited by the author. 



86 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Perry County 

The terranes of Perry County are entirely confined to the 
Pennsylvanian system. Particularly hard, massive and durable 
sandstones are known to exist in this county, and to have been 
used locally. A good exposure of these hard sandstones can be 
seen near the mouth of Leatherwood Creek. Hazard is the 
county seat of Perry County. 


Pike County 

The terranes of Pike County are all situated in the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system, save a narrow strip in the extreme south¬ 
western part of the county, where the Pine Mountain fault has 
brought the Mississippian limestone into view. This narrow belt 
of St. Louis limestone terminates at Elkhorn Citv. The com- 

- ty 

mercial stones, therefore, of Pike County are sandstones. Six 
quarries are known within the county. All save one are within 
or close to Pikeville, the county seat. 



5. QUARRY SITE. 

This quarry site is in fine grained, bluish gray, micaceous sandstone. 

Pikeville, Pike County, Ky. 


(1) Thomas Hoffman 
on the east side of Levisa For 


Quarry. This quarry 
k, within the city limits. 


is situated 
A quarry 






EASTERN KENTUCKY 


87 


face of 1,000 feet could easily be opened. The beds range from 
1 to 18 feet in thickness. The stone has been used for dwellings, 
underpinning, bridges, culverts, curbing, and paving. The 
rock is a faintly bluish gray, tine grained, micaceous, and 
slightly arkosic sandstone. It has perfect rift and grain, ham¬ 
mers white, and works easily. It weathers well and is an excel¬ 
lent building stone. For a more detailed description of the 
character of this building stone see the description of Slide No. 
14 in Chapter IV. An analysis of this stone will also be found 
in Chapter XI, under Pike County. 



6. QUARRY PROSPECT. 

This quarry prospect is in fine grained, bluish gray, micaceous sand¬ 
stone, Pikeville, Pike County, Ky. 

(2) The Oscar Love quarry is also located on the east side 

of Levisa Fork. It is understood to be a part of the same bluff 

with the same characteristics of the stone as have been cited 

for No. 1. 

(3) This quarry is some 4 miles east of Pikeville on the 

county road to Williamson, West Virginia. In the construction 

of this road during the past two years much stone has been 







88 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


obtained here for bridges, culverts, and general road work. The 
stone is very massive, thick bedded, micaceous, arkosic, of bluish 
gray color, and well suited for both constructional and road 
work. 



7. RETAINING WALL. 

This retaining - wall was built of fine grained, micaceous sandstone from 

Pikeville, Pike County, Ky. 


(4) T. J. Williamson Quarry. This quarry is situated at 
the south end of the main paved street, close to the city line, 
in what is known as Happy Hollow. It is also known as the 
Happy Hollow Quarry. The stone is of neutral gray color, fine 
grained, micaceous, and works easily. This quarry has fur¬ 
nished the stone for much foundation work, retaining walls, 
etc. It is an excellent building stone, for some of these walls 
show no evidence of the oxidation of an iron content. 

(5) This quarry is situated 1 mile north of Pikeville and 
about 25 rods west of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. The 
stone is of neutral gray color, fine grained, micaceous, and has 
been used largely in underpinning for houses, for curbing and 
paving the streets of the northern part o f Pikeville. 

(6) This quarry is situated from 1V 2 to 2 miles north of 
Pikeville along the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, where stone was 
reported to have been quarried for the construction of the rail¬ 
road. The stone is of bluish gray color, fine to medium grained, 
massive, compact, with good rift and grain. The quarry is 
inactive. 











EASTERN KENTUCKY 


89 


Powell County 

The terranes of Powell County are quite widely varied in 
age. A small belt of Pennsylvanian rocks stretches along the 
northern, eastern and southern border of the county. The cen¬ 
tral portion is occupied almost entirely by the Mississippian 
system, which sends tongues far out into the Pennsylvanian 
strata. The western portion of the county carries strata of 
Silurian and Devonian age. 



8. STONE RESIDENCE. 

This residence was built of local sandstone. Pikeville, Pike County, Ky. 

Stanton, the county seat, is situated near the center of the 
county on the Lexington & Eastern Railroad. The Cuyahoga 
formations and the Sunbury shales around Stanton are too 
thin bedded and too friable for building purposes. 

Morris Mountain is situated about 2 miles north of Stan¬ 
ton. On the sides of this mountain there occurs 63 feet of mas¬ 
sive, argillaceous, buff colored sandstones, with some shaly layers 













90 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


in the lower portion, which should make a fairly satisfactory 
building* stone for local use only. Lower Carboniferous lime¬ 
stones outcrop toward the top of the mountain. The upper por¬ 
tion of the limestone is of light gray color and apparently com¬ 
mercial, while the lower portion turns yellow upon exposure to 
the atmosphere, suggestive of an undesirable iron and magne¬ 
sium content. 

There is a quarry on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad 
about 5 miles from Glencairn, Wolfe County. This quarry is 
one of the largest in Eastern Kentucky. The length of the 
quarry is 200 feet, or more. The breadth 200 feet, and the 
height of the working face is approximately 100 feet. The bot¬ 
tom of the quarry is the Ste. Genevieve limestone. The oolitic 
beds are overlaid by the St. Louis massive, yellowish erray lime- 
stone, which in turn is overlaid bv all of the Chester series. Thin 
coal seams are seen in the top of the quarry. The quarry con¬ 
tains excellent building stone. 

Pulaski County 

The terranes of Pulaski County are essentially Mississip- 
pian. They are so pronouncedly Mississippian that the county 
might well have been described in another chapter. The Mis¬ 
sissippian formations send long tongues far out into the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system, which occupies a narrow belt in the eastern 
part of the county. There are also several outliers of Pennsyl- 
vanian strata to the east and southeast of Somerset, the county 
seat of Pulaski County. Here erosion has failed to remove all of 
the Pennsylvanian terranes. To the west of Somerset there is an 
outlier of Devonian and Silurian formations completely sur¬ 
rounded by the Mississippian terranes. 

The quarries are more numerous in this county than in 
any other county in eastern Kentucky, although none of them 
even approximate in size to the quarry of J. W. Sparks in Rock¬ 
castle County. Twenty-two quarries have been listed; most of 
them are small, and some are inactive. They are all in the lime¬ 
stone series. 

(1) Thomas Meece Quarry. This quarry is situated on 
the southwest side of Reservoir Knob, just outside the city 
limits. The quarry is of average dimensions, but a quarry with 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


91 


a working face several hundred feet in length, and more than 
50 feet in height of face, could easily be opened. The present 
quarry is loO feet in length, 50 feet in breadth, and with a 
working face of 30 feet. There is a rock crusher at this quarry, 
and the stone is all used for pike purposes, although the thicker 
beds are an excellent building stone. 


The rock in the upper half of the quarry is mineralogically 
and commercially a marble, for it is completely recrystallized 
with the calcite showing perfect rhombohedral cleavage. It is 
also susceptible of a good polish, and well suited for decorative 
interior work. It is traversed by numerous zigzag lines of dark 
grayish black color, which stand out in striking contrast with 
the remainder of the polished surface. The marble itself is of 
very light brown to medium gray color, with tints of pink. 
Perhaps it is the commingling of the pink and the gray tints 



9. LIMESTONE QUARRY. 

This quarry is on Reservoir Knob, Somerset, Pulaski County, Ky. It 
shows the thickness of the individual beds. 

that produces the light brown color effect. This marble bears 
a striking resemblance to the pink marble of Meadow, Tennes¬ 
see, which is so extensively used for decorative interior work. 
A hand polished sample of this Somerset marble can be seen 
in the museum of the Kentucky Geological Survey in Frankfort. 










92 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


There occurs also in this quarry a white to grayish white, 
microcrystalline limestone. The beds are massive, fine grained, 
and hand samples break out with a conchoidal fracture. This 
bed would also make a good building stone. 

(2) The Cundiff Quarry. This quarry is owned by Mrs. 
Cundiff, and is situated on the north side of Reservoir Knob. 
The beds are massive and of bluish gray color. This quarry is 
inactive, although it has furnished considerable stone for con¬ 
structional work, especially for the Southern Railroad System. 

(3) This quarry is situated on the Stanford Pike, some 
2 miles out from Somerset. The stone is of buff color. It is 
being used in the construction of the New Community Church 
on Main Street. 

(4) Some 5 or 6 miles east of Somerset on the Grundy 
Pike there are several small quarries, all of which are listed as 
No. 4. The beds are massive and the stone is of medium gray 
color. 

(5) Jacob Mayfield Quarry. This quarry is situated 3 
miles beyond Shopville and on Short Creek. The stone is mas¬ 
sive and of medium gray color. 

(6) Ed Thurmen Quarry. This quarry is located iy 2 
miles west of Somerset. The beds are massive. The limestone 
is white to grayish white in color, and is identical with the white 
limestone of Reservoir Knob. 

(7) Norwood Quarry. This quarry is at Norwood, some 4 
miles north of Somerset. It is owned by the Dunigan heirs. 
This quarry has a length of 300 feet, a breadth of 200 feet, and 
a. working face of 80 feet. It is an excellent quarry. The stone 
is a dark gray, crystalline marble, closely resembling the Dan¬ 
ville marble. 

(8) J. S. Kendrick Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 
miles east of Somerset, and has been in operation intermittently 
for over 50 years. Two distinct types of building stone occur 
here. One is of medium gray color, and the other is grayish 
white. This quarry furnished the stone for the First Methodist 
Church South in 1917. The church is on the corner of Mt. Ver¬ 
non Street and Central Avenue. 




EASTERN KENTUCKY 


93 


(9) B. G. Vaught Quarry. This quarry is about 1 mile 
east of Somerset. It has furnished much stone for foundation 
and veneering in Somerset. 

(10) ,/. II. Gibson Quarry. This quarry is situated V 2 
mile southeast of Somerset, and the stone has been used for 
foundation work in general. 

(11) Taylor-Hudson Quarry. This quarry is about 1 mile 
east of Somerset. The stone is used for foundation work. This 
quarry requires 110 stripping. 

( 12 ) Scott Quarry. This quarry is situated % m ^ e north¬ 
east of Somerset. The stone is of brownish gray color, and is a 
little coarser grained than the marble of Somerset Knob. It is 
used for monumental work and trimmings for brick buildings. 

(13) Beecher Smith Quarry. This quarry is located some 
2 miles due east of Somerset. The stone is white or grayish 
white in color and has been used for building purposes, and also 
burned into white lime for both constructional and agricultural 
use. 

(14) Charles Evans Quarry. This quarry is located on 
Holtzclaw Knob, 5 miles north of Somerset. It is a dark gray 
crystalline marble like that in the Norwood quarry. 

(15) J. M. Richardson Quarry. This quarry is just west 
of Somerset. The beds are about 4 feet in thickness. The stone 
is of very dark gray color and crystalline. 

(16) William Denham Quarry. This quarry is situated 
on the southwest side of Somerset. It is a good building stone. 

(17) Hannah Denham Quarry. This quarry is located 
2V 9 miles due west of Somerset, and the stone is used for build- 
ing purposes. 

(18) The Burton Quarry. This quarry is about 8 miles 
west of Somerset. The stone was used in the walls around the 
cemetery and for monumental work. 

(19) William Lee Quarry. This quarry is about 8 V 2 
miles west of Somerset. The stone is used for the same purposes 
as that in the Burton quarry. 

(20) Samuel Higgins Quarry. This quarry is some 2 
miles southeast of Somerset. It is a fine grained, bluish gray 
limestone used for building purposes. 



94 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(21) Fletcher Gover Quarry. This quarry is located at 
Cedar Grove some 4 y 2 miles south of Somerset. It has been in 
operation for many years. 

(22) Lincoln Denton Quarry. This quarry was within 
the city limits. The stone was used in many buildings on Main 
Street, and in the retaining walls on the west side of Main 
Street. 

The weathering qualities of the Somerset limestones and 
marbles are well evidenced by the outside stone chimneys built 
from 1835 to 1850. The retaining wall in front of the home of 
B. Z. Ingram, 304 South Main Street, Somerset, came from the 
foundations of a dwelling and an outside stone chimney reported 
to have been erected more than 100 years ago. Many of these 
blocks show no ill effects from long continued weathering. 

Rockcastle County 

The terranes of Rockcastle County are essentially Mississip¬ 
pian, but the Pennsylvanian system is represented in a rather 
narrow belt in the eastern part of the county. The Mississippian 
system has sent many narrow tongues far out into the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian strata. There are also many outliers of the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian rocks in the Mississippian area. In the extreme north¬ 
western part of the county there is a small area of Devonian 
and Silurian outcrops. 

Limestones, marbles and sandstones are well represented. 
The commercial marbles receive a good polish, and are capable 
of wide industrial application. The sandstones are fine grained, 
even textured, and their reputation could be made national. 

(1) W. J. Sparks Company Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated % of a mile northwest of Mt, Vernon, the county seat of 
Rockcastle County. The quarry was opened in 1908. Four 
acres of stone have been removed. The present dimensions of 
the quarry are 1,000 feet in length, 300 feet in breadth, and 110 
feet in height of working face. As the quarry is carried back 
further into the hill it will have a working depth of 150 feet. 
The product is all limestone and is used by the railroads. A 
large crusher prepares the stone for shipment. 

Two distinct types of calcareous rocks exist in this quarry. 
One is a white crystalline oolitic limestone, limestone because 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 95 


not completely calcitized, and the other is a massive, compact, 
medium gray, mierocrystalline limestone. In the former, many 
of the oolites are still visible, and the crystals of calcite makes 
np the rest of the rock. It is fine grained, even textured, with 
perfect rift and grain, and susceptible of a very good polish. 
It is well suited for both constructional work and decorative 



10. W. J. SPARKS COMPANY QUARRY. 

This quarry is at Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. It shows the 
thickness of the individual beds. The height of the quarry face is 112 feet. 

interior work. When inlaid with some of the darker marbles 
of Kentucky, the results would be very pleasing. A polished 
sample of this stone can be seen in the museum of the Kentucky 
Geological Survey at Frankfort. The hard, massive, compact 
phase breaks with a conchoidal fracture, and is best suited for 
bridges, culverts, retaining walls, curbing, street and railroad 
work. The mixed product from the quarry runs from 96 to 98 
per cent calcium carbonate. 

(2) Sparks Quarry Plant. This quarry is situated at 
Sparks, 3 miles south of Mt. Vernon. The stone possesses the 
same characteristics as given for No. 1. The quarry is 500 feet 
in length, 300 feet, in breadth, and 142 feet in depth. The 
crusher has a capacity of 1,000 tons per day. 

(3) Fred Fr eager Quarry. This quarry is within the 
city limits. It is in the white, oolitic, crystalline limestone 









96 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


which at this quarry runs about 99 per cent calcium carbonate. 
While the white blocks would make an excellent building stone, 
yet the entire product is put into lime for agricultural purposes. 

(4) This quarry is situated 4 miles southeast of Mt. Ver¬ 
non on the Queen & Crescent route of the Southern Railway 
System. The quarry is in limestone. 

(5) Mullins Quarry. This quarry is situated at Mullins, 
8 miles due east of Mt. Vernon, and % of a mde north of Sinks 
Junction on the Kentucky Division and Lebanon Branch of the 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The quarry is entirely in lime¬ 
stones possessing the same characteristics as the W. J. Sparks 
Company quarry. This quarry was opened in 1897. 

(6) Rockcastle Lime and Cement Plant. This quarry and 
$200,000 plant is situated at Pine Hill, 514 miles southwest of 
Mt. Vernon. The limestones are gray in color, fine grained, some 
of them crystalline, and could he used for building purposes. 
The bottom portion of the limestone carries 94.28 per cent cal¬ 
cium carbonate and 2.00 per cent silica. The central portion 
carries 93.21 per cent calcium carbonate and 2.85 per cent silica. 
The upper portion carries 93.48 per cent calcium carbonate and 
2.40 per cent silica. The rock is therefore a siliceous limestone. 

(7) Local Quarries. There are several of these around 
Mt. Vernon in the limestone series which are quarried inter¬ 
mittently to obtain stone for retaining walls, foundations and 
curbing. 

(8) Langford Quarry. This quarry is situated 4 miles 
north of Mt. Vernon at Langford, on the Kentucky Division of 
the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The quarry is owned by 
the Kentucky Freestone Company of Rowan County, and is 
known quite widely throughout the State as the Rockcastle 
freestone quarry. The quarry was opened in 1896. The rock 
is an argillaceous sandstone, of drab color, fine grain, even 
texture. The stone splits freely in all directions. The individual 
beds vary from 3 to 5 feet in thickness. The stone is remarkably 
free from iron, and weathers uniformly. The beauty of this 
stone for constructional work is illustrated by the United States 
Postoffice Building at Madison. The base of the Rockcastle 
Hotel at Mt, Vernon came from this quarry. Several instances 






EASTERN KENTUCKY 


97 


were found scattered over the State where this stone was used 
in constructional work. It is well worthy of an interstate repu¬ 
tation as a building' stone. For a complete description of its 
characteristics see Slide No. 15 in Chapter V. 

(9) Wildie Quarry. This quarry is located at Wildie on 
the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The product is known 
as the Rockcastle freestone, with the same general characteristics 
as the stone in the Langford quarry. 

(10) There is a small quarry near Brush Creek reported 
to be in the freestone, and not visited. 

(11) There is a quarry about 1 mile north of Limestone 
on the west side of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. This 
sandstone is reported to be very brittle. 

Rowan County 

The terranes of Rowan County are predominantly Missis- 
sippian. There is, however, a narrow belt of Pennsylvanian 
strata in the eastern part of the county, and the Devonian 
rocks, Chattanooga shale, outcrop in the southwestern part of 
the county on both the north and south sides of the Ashland- 
Louisville Branch of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. The 
quarries, however, are all in the Buena Vista member of the 
Cuyahoga formation. 

There are three well-known quarries in the Buena Vista. 
One at Farmers, one at Freestone, and one at, Bluestone. These 
stations are a few miles to the southwest of Morehead, the county 
seat. 

The building stones of Rowan County are argillaceous 
sandstones of gray or bluish gray color. They are very fine 
grained, and even textured. They split freely in all directions, 
hence the name Rowan County freestone. The lift is parallel 
with the quarry floor, the rift is north and south, and the grain 
is east and west. The beds pitch at a low angle to the east just 
enough for drainage. The stone cuts to a sharp edge and 
hammers a grayish white. 

If a little care is exercised in the selection of building blocks, 
the stone weathers uniformly. Without this care in selection, 


B. S.—4 





98 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 





11. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, WINCHESTER, KY. 

The lower half of this church was built, of Rowan County freestone 
The ashlar blocks in the upper half are Rockcastle County freestone 
Photo by A. J. Earp. 




























EASTERN KENTUCKY 


99 


some blocks will show discoloration by the oxidation of an iron 
content. The cement binding the sand grains together is clayey 
matter. 

(1) Rowan County Freestone Company. This quarry is 
owned by Dr. Howard Van Antwerp. The quarry is situated 
at Farmer. The quarry is some 400 feet in length, 100 feet in 
breadth, and 35 feet in height of working face. The beds lie 
in a horizontal position, separated from each other by thin 
layers of blue shale, which is very soft. This fact aids materially 
in quarrying the sandstone. The overburden of soil and some 
waste rock are thrown against the quarry front, so that the 
quarry is not in full view from Farmer Station. 



12. DR. HOWARD VAN ANTWERP QUARRY. 

This quarry is at Farmer, Rowan County, Ky. It shows the thickness 
and horizontality oif the individual beds of freestone. 

The thickness o f the individual beds, reading downward, 
is aproximately as follows: 

No. 1, 12 inches, building stone. 

No. 2, 12 inches, building stone. 

No. 3, 18 inches, road building work. 

No. 4, 18 inches, building stone. 

No. 5, 14 inches, building stone. 

No. 6, 30 inches, building stone. 

No. 7, 21 inches, building stone. 

No. 8, 27 inches, building stone. 

No. 9, 12 inches, building stone. 






100 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The last layer is very hard, and has never been removed. It 
is used as the quarry door to a very good advantage. Beds 
Nos. 6, 7 and 8 are the best for building purposes. The quarried 
blocks are shipped by tram to a siding at the foot of the bluff. 
The mill for sawing the blocks of building stone, dimension 
size, was burned May 14, 1921, and a new mill has just been 
constructed at the old site. 





13. DR. HOWARD VAN ANTWERP QUARRY. 

This quarry is at Farmer, Rowan County, Ky. It shows the thickness 
and horizontality of the individual beds; also the thickness of the intcr- 
callated shale beds. 

In breaking the stone into suitable blocks for road founda¬ 
tions a pear-shaped, cast iron ball weighing 2,200 pounds drops 
from 5 to 15 feet, according to the thickness of the block to be 
broken. In the construction of a permanent road in Farmer 
a 10-inch bed of this broken stone was used, covered by 4 inches 
of crushed limestone, and top-dressed with 2 inches of Kentucky 
rock asphalt. The total output of this quarry could easily 
reach 1,000,000 cu. ft, of stone per annum. The same Buena 
Vista sandstone stretches southward into the hills for some three 
or four miles, and in places the individual beds are reported 
to be 40 inches in thickness. 





EASTERN KENTUCKY 101 


The Rowan County Freestone Company furnished the stone 
for the railroad station at Farmer in 1910. This stone was also 
used for the abutments and central pier of the Chesapeake & 
Ohio Railroad bridge over the Licking River. 

(2) Bluegrass Quarries Company. This quarry is owned 
and operated by C. >S. Brown of Huntington, West Virginia. 
The quarries are situated some % of a mile southwest of Rock¬ 
ville Station. The shipping point is Freestone and the postoffice 
is Bluest one. The quarry is perhaps a little smaller than that 
of tiie Rowan County Freestone Company, but the overburden 
is not quite so heavy. At the quarry there are 13 beds of bluish 
gray, fine grained sandstone, with approximately the following 
thickness, reading downward: 

No. 1, 5 inches, road stone. 

No. 2, 12 inches, building stone. 

No. 3, 11 inches, building stone. 

No. 4, 15 inches, building stone, buff colored. 

No. 5, 6 inches, building stone, steel gray. 

No. 6, 10 inches, building stone. 

No. 7, 18 inches, building stone, best grade of quarry. 

No. 8, 18 inches, building stone. 

No. 9, 8 inches, road stone. 

No. 10, 30 inches, building stone. 

No. 11, 22 inches, building stone. 

No. 12, 32 inches, building stone. 

No. 13, 14 inches, building stone, not quarried. 

This bottom layer is used as the quarry floor. All the beds 
make excellent building stone, save Nos. 1 and 9. These, on 
account of an iron content, are better suited for road construc¬ 
tion than for building purposes. 

The Bluegrass Quarries Company has a mill at the foot 
of the bluff, equipped with gangs of saws for cutting the stone 
into dimension sizes before shipment for constructional work. 
The stone is brought to the mill by gravity roads. The evenness 
of the layers and the various la} r ers of different thickness give 
a product of most any desired thickness with the least possible 
expense. The thin, soft, shaly layers between the different sand¬ 
stone beds facilitate the quarrying of the stone. 






102 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 



14. MILL OF THE BLUEGRASS QUARRIES COMPANY. 

This mill is at Freestone, Rowan County, Ky. It shows the method of 

handling- large blocks of stone. 


(3) Kentucky Bluest one Company, Inc. This quarry is 
located at Bluestone, on the Ashland-Louisville branch of the 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. The quarry is in the same bluish 
gray to gray, fine grained, argillaceous sandstone of the Buena 
Vista formation. The beds here also are separated by thin 
layers of soft shale, which facilitates the quarrying. The stone 
is split with shims and wedges so that there is no waste of mate¬ 
rial from fracture by explosives. The stone is shipped to the 
mill by a gravity road. The quarry is about % of a mile west 
of the mill. The thickness of the individual beds of sandstone, 
reading from the top downward, are aproximately as follows: 

No. 1, 10 inches, building stone. 

No. 2, 12 inches, building stone. 

No. 3, 9 inches, road stone. 

No. 4, 15 inches, building stone. 

No. 5, 9 inches, road stone. 

No. 6, 19 inches, building stone. 

No. 7, 17 inches, building stone. 

No. 8, 21 inches, road stone. 

No. 9, 12 inches, is used as the quarry floor. 


























EASTERN KENTUCKY 


103 


Beneath this layer there are 2 other layers from 12 to 15 
inches in thickness that are kept as a quarry reserve. Beneath 
this sandstone is the black Chattanooga shale of Devonian age. 



15. QUARRY OF THE KENTUCKY BLUE STONE COMPANY. 
This quarry is at Bluestone, Rowan County, Ky. 


The quarry as opened is about 600 feet in length, with a 
breadth of 200 feet, and vertical depth of some 30 feet. At least 
5 acres of stone appear to have been removed. The quarry is 
fully capable of putting out more than 100,000 cu. ft. of stone 
per annum. 

The company has a good mill with modern machinery for 
cutting the stone with gang saws, into dimension blocks, and 
dressing the stone as may be desired. The steel saws are fed 
with silica sand and water to aid in the cutting. About one- 
half of the quarry output is sawed on 2 sides, and one-half is 
sawed on 4 sides. 

The product from this quarry has been used extensively 
for building purposes, and with a judicious selection of the 







104 THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


blocks, the stone weathers uniformly. Under the name of block 
stone the Kentucky Bluestone Company produces mill blocks, 
bridge stone, and monument bases. Under sawed stone, sawed 
curbing 4 by 18, 5 by 18, and 6 by 18 inches; sawed stone, 3, 4, 
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 inches thick; sawed flagging, 2, 2y 2 , 
3, 314 and 4 inches in thickness; also sills, steps, and columns. 



16. QUARRIED BLOCKS OF BLUESTONE. 

These blocks are at the mill of the Kentucky Bluestone Company, Blue- 

stone, Rowan County, Ky. 


(4) There is an opening in the same Buena Vista forma¬ 
tion 7 miles north of Bluestone, where the beds attain a maxi¬ 
mum thickness of 7 feet. This locality may be regarded as a 
sandstone reserve. 

Wayne County 

The majority of the terranes of Wayne County fall in the 
Mississippian system. There is, however, cpiite an extensive 








EASTERN KENTUCKY 


105 


area of Pennsylvanian strata in the southwestern part of the 
county, and a much smaller area of Devonian shale in the 
northwestern part of the county. The quarries are all small, 
and located in the Mississippian formation. 

(1) Dr. William Cook Quarry. This quarry is situated 
just outside the city limits of Monticello, the county seat of 
Wayne County, and a little to the southwest. It is further¬ 
more just across the first small stream after leaving Monticello. 
This quarry furnished the stone for the First Baptist Church 
at the corner of Main and St. Paul Streets. The church was 
erected in 1918 and illustrates very well the architectural effect 
of the building* stone of Wayne County. The stone is of medium 
to dark gray color, and fine grained. 



17. NEW BAPTIST CHURCH. 

This church is at Monticello, Wayne County, Ky. It was built in 1918 
of limestone quarried within the city limits. 


(2) County Jail Quarry. This quarry is on the same 
creek as No. 1, and not far from the Cook quarry. It furnished 
the stone for the count}" jail, which was erected in 1898. This 
building shows well the weathering qualities of the stone, for it 
has been exposed to the corrosive agents of the atmosphere for 
nearly a quarter of a century. 

(3) This quany was reported to be a short distance south 
of Monticello, and the stone used for bridging and curbing. 


















106 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(4) This quarry is said to be near No. 3, and the stone used 
for the same purposes. The quarries are in limestone and very 
small. 

(5) At Mill Springs in Wayne County a limestone quarry 
furnished the stone to build the canal along the cliff. 

It is interesting to note that directly 'across the street from 
the Baptist Church at Monticello, where excavations were being 
made for a cellar, the excavations were in a pink cherty marble 
with numerous black zigzag bands traversing the stone. It was 
filled with crinoidal stems, which are now chert with calcite 
pitts. 


Whitley County 

The terranes of Whitley County all belong to the Penn¬ 
sylvanian series, save for a narrow strip in the southwestern 
part of the county, which is traversed by the Pine Mountain 
fault. Here the St. Louis limestone of Mississippian age has 
been brought into view. 

The prevailing rock exposures are Pennsylvanian conglom¬ 
erates and sandstones which are often massive enough and suf¬ 
ficiently thick bedded for local building purposes. On Cumber¬ 
land River at Cumberland Falls the Pottsville is well exposed, 
and some 50 feet in thickness. 

There is a quarry on a branch of the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad, 1 mile west of Williamsburg, the county seat of Whit¬ 
ley County. The rock is a sandstone of reddish brown color. 
The working face is from 30 to 40 feet in height. 


Wolfe County 

The terranes of Wolfe County all belong to the Pennsyl- 
\ a man sj stem, save a few small areas in the northwestern part 
of the county. Here long tongues of the Mississippian strata 
have been sent far out into the Pennsylvanian system. Campton 
is the county seat of Wolfe County. AVhile it is not known to 
the author that there are any active quarries within the county, 
it is possible that some has been quarried and used locally around 
Campton. 



EASTERN KENTUCKY 


107 


Number of 
County. 

1. 

2. 

3 . 

4 . 

5 . 

6 . 

7 . 

8 . 

9. 

10. 

11 . 

12. 

13 . 

14 . 

15 . 

16 . 

17 . 

18 . 

19 . 

20 . 

21. 

22. 

23 . 

24 . 

25 . 

26 . 

27 . 

28 .. 

29 . 

30 . 

31 . 

32 . 

33 . 

34 . 

35 . 

36 . 


Name of 
County. 

....Bell . 

. ..Boyd . 

....Breathitt 
....Carter .... 

--Clay . 

....Clinton .... 

....Elliott . 

....Estill . 

....Floyd . 

....Greenup ... 
....Harlan .... 
....Jackson ... 
....Johnson ... 

....Knott . 

....Knox .. 

....Laurel . 

....Lawrence 

....Lee .. 

...Leslie . 

...Letcher ... 

...Lewis . 

....Magoffin 

...Martin . 

....McCreary 
...Menefee ... 
....Morgan ... 

...Owsley . 

...Perry . 

...Pike . 

...Powell . 

...Pulaski . 

...Rockcastle 

...Rowan . 

...Wayne . 

...Whitley ... 
...Wolfe . 


Number of 
Quarries in 
County. 

. 10 

. 9 

. 1 

. 11 

. 0 

. 5 

. 0 

. 1 

. .6 

. 1 

. 1 

. 0 

. ] 

. 0 

. 4 

. 1 

. 5 

. 2 

. 0 

. 1 

. 15 

. 0 

. 0 

. 1 

. 1 

. 0 

. 0 

. 0 

. 6 

. 1 

. 22 

. 12 

. 4 

. 5 

. 2 

. 0 


Total number of quarries 


128 


































































































CHAPTER VII 


CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE 


BLUEGRASS SECTION 


T lie Bluegrass section of north central Kentucky embraces 
nioi e counties than any other distinct geographic Province of 
the State. This chapter not only includes the counties affected 
by the C incinnati Arch in its southern extension into Kentucky, 
but also the Knob counties adjacent on the south and southwest. 
The Knob counties on the east were included in Chapter VI. 

1 he terranes described in this chapter are predominately 
Ordovician, with the Cincinnati series far in excess of the Cham- 
plainian. The Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian series are 
represented in the Knob counties. 


Anderson County 

The terranes of Anderson County are all Ordovician. Both 
the Cincinnatian and the Champlainian series are represented. 
The Eden Stage of the Cincinnatian covers the western part 
of the county, but the eastern part of the county is traversed by 
beds of Champlainian rocks of great commercial value. The 
Eden shales are too thin bedded and friable for building stone. 
The Tyrone fromation, however, is one of the best building stones 
in America. It is Champlainian. 

(1) Tyrone Quarry. The village of Tyrone and the 
quarry are both on the west side of the Kentucky River, a few 
miles east of Lawrenceburg, the county seat of Anderson County. 
The quarry is owned and operated by the Ripy Brothers. The 
quarry is approximately 300 feet in length, 250 feet in breadth, 
and 125 feet in depth. The heaviest individual bed is about 10 
feet in thickness. 

The Tyrone limestone is a very massive, compact, thick 
bedded, white to dove colored building stone. It breaks with a 
conchoidal fracture, and trims easily into ashlar blocks. Sawed 
faces are especially pleasing. The stone shows on its fractured 
surfaces facets of calc ite, which have given to the rock the name 
“birdseye limestone.'’ The perfect cleavage of these rhombs 
of calcite sparkle by reflected light like the eyes of a bird. 
According to Prof. A. M. Miller these facets are the calcite 


110 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


fillings of minute tubes penetrating the rock. The tubes were 
probably the molds of seaweed stems. If so, then this lime¬ 
stone was algal. For the detailed petrographic study of a 
microscope slide of this rock see Slide No. 9 in Chapter V. 

The author has constantly found the name “Kentucky 
marble” applied to the Tyrone formation. It is not entirely a 
misnomer, for under the miscroscope this building stone is 
proven to he a semi-crystalline limestone or marble. It is free 
from both silica and iron oxide. The stone weathers white, and 
presents a verj^ pleasing effect wherever used. For a chemical 
analysis of a sample of olive gray limestone from the middle 
of the Tyrone formation, see No. 1, Chapter XI. The sample 
from which the analysis was made was dolomitic and siliceous, 
and therefore could not have come from the same layer as the 
one from which the microscopic slide was cut, for that is non- 
dolomitic and non-siliceous. 

Kentucky Marble has been used quite extensively for build¬ 
ing purposes. It can be seen in many of the more substantial 
buildings and finer residences in Frankfort, such as the Old 
State House, the Old Penitentiary walls, now the State Reforma- 
tory, a number of attractive homes in South Frankfort, and in 
a large number of retaining walls. The Kentucky River Marble, 
which was used in the construction of the walls of the Old State 
House, was quarried along the Kentucky River above the City 
of 1 1 ankfort under the direction of a Mr. Evans. It was barged 
down the river and hauled to the State Penitentiary, where it 
was sawed and polished by convict labor* under the direction of 
the Keeper, a Mr. Scott. The work was started in 1827, and 
when completed in 1828 its bright, white surface and classic 
lines caused it to be aptly described as one of the most beautiful 
buildings in America. Kentucky River Marble was used in the 
Old Capital Hotel, and the white walls stood erect after the 


fire, until torn down to give way to the construction of the New 
Capital Hotel. This building stone is well worthy of an inter¬ 
state reputation. It is not only suited for constructional pur¬ 
poses, but also for curbing, bridges, culverts, paving, and rail¬ 
road ballast and road work. 


*Register 
tucky, p. 75, 


° f t + he -.n^ ent 1 uck 7 1 state Historical Society, Frankfort, Ken- 
Sept. 19*04, also the Luminary, Lexington, Ky., May 23, 1827. 






CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 111 


Bath County 

The terranes of Bath County cover a much wider range of 
formations than is usually represented in a single county in 
Kentucky. The Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carbonif¬ 
erous Systems or Periods are represented. 

The Cincinnatian limestones of Ordovician age cover the 
entire northwestern part of the county. These limestones are 
flanked on the southwest by Silurian, then Devonian, and then 
Mississippian formations containing a few outliers of the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system. The oldest rocks are therefore in the north¬ 
western part of the county, and the youngest in the south¬ 
eastern. 

(1) The limestones are of gray or bluish gray color, and 
have been quarried for local use not far to the west of Owings- 
ville, the county seat of Bath County. They weather fairly 

well. 

(2) The Buena Vista sandstone of Mississippian age is 
represented at Caney Switch by 12 feet of fine grained, even 
textured, drab colored sandstone. The individual layers are 
separated by thin beds of soft, bluish gray shale, which mate¬ 
rially reduces the expense in quarrying. The stone works easily 
and is the same in its essential characteristics as the freestone 
of Rowan County. Its close proximity to the railroad is in its 
favor for shipping, but the stone would have to be transferred 
to the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad at Salt Lick, which would 
add to the cost of production. 

(3) Buena Vista sandstones occur also around Olympian 
Springs, a few miles south of Olympia, but these are rather thin 
bedded, and their use would be local. 

The Buena Vista sandstones of Bath County resist atmos¬ 
pheric decomposition well in their natural exposures. When 
freshly quarried, they are pleasing in their effect. As was 
pointed out in the discussion of the Buena Vista building stone 
in Rowan County, injudicious selection of the blocks leads to 
unsightly appearances in the finished structure. This effect can 
be seen in the lintels and facings of the courthouse in Owings- 
ville. These cracked and iron stained blocks should have been 
rejected for constructional work and used as underpinning, 
curbing or paving. The careful selection of the better blocks 




112 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


of the Buena Vista in Bath County as building stone cannot 
be too highly emphasized. The cause of the discoloration is 
probably due to microlites of pyrite, the sulphide of iron. 

Boone County 

The terranes of Boone County are all in the Ordovician 
system and belong to the Cincinnatian series. They are essen¬ 
tially thin bedded and shaly limestones, which are too friable 
for extensive use as building stone. A single quarry was 
reported near Burlington, the county seat, and is said to be used 
locally for underpinning, curbing, bridge construction, etc. 

Bourbon County 

The terranes of Bourbon County are all Ordivician in age. 
The formations in the central and western part of the county 
belong to the Champlainian series, and those in the eastern 
part to the Cincinnatian. The quarries, whether active or inac- 



18. BOURBON COUNTY QUARRY. 

This quarry is at Paris, Bourbon County, Ky. It shows the thickness 

of the individual beds. 


tive, are all in limestone, more or less recrystallized. Some of 
them are sufficiently crystallized to be classed as marbles. Some 
of them receive a very good polish, and are well suited for con¬ 
structional work, decorative interior work, bridges, culverts, 
curbing, railroad ballast and road work. They shade in color 
from pink to gray and light brown. They are of fine grain, 
even texture, and work easily. They hammer white, and often 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 113 


the contrast is strong between hammered and polished surfaces. 
They are sufficiently thick bedded and persistent for large quar¬ 
ries to be opened They are so near the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad that the quarried products may be handled with the 
minimum cost. 


(1) Paris Quarry. This quarry is under the control of 
Bourbon County, and was also called the County quarry. It is 
situated within the city limits of Paris, the county seat, and 
not more than one-half mile east of the courthouse. It is also 
on the bank of Stoner Creek. The quarry opening is 100 feet 
in length, 250 feet in breadth, with a vertical working face of 
40 feet. There is a rotary rock crusher here with a capacity of 
200 tons per day. 

(2) City Quarry. This quarry is situated one-fourth mile 
north of the courthouse on Seventh Street. It is also situated 
on Houston Creek. The quarry opening is approximately 500 
feet in length, 250 feet in breadth, and 40 feet in depth. The 
rock crusher installed at this quarry has a capacity of 150 tons 
per day, and is of the jaw type. The stone is in every way 
similar to that in the Paris quarry. 

(3) North Middleton Quarry. This quarry is situated 11 
miles southeast of Paris on the Mt. Sterling pike. Approxi¬ 
mately one acre of rock has been stripped of its overburden and 
a rotary crusher installed, with a 200 ton capacity. 

(4) Cane Ridge Quarry. This quarry is situated 4 miles 
north of North Middleton and 7 miles east of Paris on the 
Paris-Mavsville or Plat Rock Pike. It is in the Cincinnatian 
formation, which is a very tine grained limestone, free from 
iron, and an excellent building stone. The quarry is 150 feet in 
length, 100 feet in breadth, with a working face 20 feet in 
height. The crusher has a daily capacity of 150 tons. The Cane 
Ridge building stone lies in a horizontal position, and beds out¬ 
crop along the ridge for a distance of some 4 or 5 miles. The 
steps for the courthouse were said to have come from this quarry. 
It has been used extensively for foundations, bridge abutments 


and curbing in North Middleton. 

(5) This is also a Cane Ridge quarry, and is situated 
between the North Middleton quarry and the Cane Ridge quarry 
described as No. 3. The stone for the large buddings on the 





114 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


E. F. Sims estate came from this quarry. The color of the 
stone here ranges from a buff or very light brown to a light gray 
or nearly white. It does not laminate on exposure to the atmos¬ 
phere. It works freely in any direction and is susceptible of 
a polish. See the two analyses of limestone from Cane Ridge, 
Bourbon County, Chapter XI. One is non-dolomitic, and the 
other is dolomitic. 

(6) Courthouse Quarry. This quarry is situated 1 mile 
east of Paris on the Maysville Pike. The stone has been used 
quite extensively in Paris in foundations, retaining walls, etc. 

(7) Ruddles Mills Quarry. This is one of the oldest quar¬ 
ries in the county, and the village is one of the oldest in the 
State, for it is reported to have been settled soon after the 
arrival of Daniel Boone. 



19. FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 

This church is at the comer of 7th and Pleasant Sts., Paris, Bourbon 
County, Ky. It represents Rowan County freestone. 


(8) Wood Brothers Quarry. This quarry is situated on 
the Taylor farm, 1 mile northeast of Paris, but it is now aban- 












CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 115 


cloned. It carries some good building stone, and the stone quar¬ 
ried was used for foundation work rather than road building. 

(9) A few miles north of Paris towards Cynthiana there 
was reported to be small quarries in the same limestone as that 
around Paris, but none of these were visited. 

The Bourbon Agricultural Bank of Paris was erected in 
1898 with the Rowan County freestone from Freestone. The 
k irst Methodist Episcopal Church South, corner of Seventh 
and Pleasant Streets, was built with Rowan County freestone 
from Farmer, and trimmed with Rockcastle County freestone. 
The Christian Church on High Street was built in 1902 with 
Rockcastle County freestone, and trimmed with Bedford, 
Indiana, oolitic limestone. 

Boyle County 

The terranes of Boyle County belong to the Ordovician, 
Devonian and Mississippian systems. The Silurian appears to 
be wanting. The Ordovician, which covers all the northern 
part of the county, is represented by both the Cincinnatian and 
Champlainian series, with the former in excess of the latter. 
The Devonian and Mississippian formations are confined to the 
southern part of the county. With the exception of the south¬ 
ern portion of Boyle County, where the black Chattanooga 
shales of Devonian age appear, the rocks are limestones and 
marbles. 

The limestones are often of light gray color, rather coarsely 
crystalline, and with fairly even texture. Some of them show 
large plates of ealcite with perfect rhombohedral cleavage and 
cavities partially filled with perfect crystals of dog-toothed 
spar, a variety of calcite. This phenomenon is well illustrated 
in the light gray upper beds of the Taylor Brothers quarry. 
If it were not for these cavities, which favor the lodgment of 
dust particles on dimension stone, this limestone would make a 
rather pleasing building stone. The rock is called a limestone 
rather than a marble, because the voids are not completely 
filled with recrystallized calcite. 

Lexington limestones have been largely used in the con¬ 
struction of walls in Boyle County, especially near Danville, the 
county seat of Boyle County. The body of the wall is built of 





116 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


limestone blocks laid in horizontal position, and then capped 
with thinner blocks set at an angle of 45 degrees with the wall 
body, which produces a very pleasing effect. 

The marbles are found in the lower portions of the quar¬ 
ries. They are compact, massive, thick bedded and recrystal¬ 
lized limestones. They are of dark gray color and susceptible 
of a high polish. Their resistance to wear in inlaid floors would 
be superior to that of the soft, carbonaceous, non-crystalline 
limestones that are so extensively used. For panel work with a 
lighter border the effect would be pleasing. 

(1) Taylor Brothers Quarry. This quarry is situated on 
the Stanford Pike, l 1 /^ miles south of Danville. The length of 
the quarry is approximately 300 feet, the breadth is about 250 
feet, and the depth is 55 feet. The upper portions are of light 
gray color and somewhat coarsely crystallized, while the thick 
bedded, massive lower portions are of dark gray color and 
crystallized. The stone from this quarry has been used for 
building purposes for seven years. The stone for the Bank 
Hudson in Danville came from it. It is well suited for abut¬ 
ments, bridges, culverts, railroad ballast, macadam. 

(2) Tevis and Ingram Quarry. This quarry is situated 
on the Lexington Pike 2 y 2 miles north of Danville. The stone 
is bluish gray color and the quarry has been in operation for 
three years. The stone is used locally for building and road 
work. It is not quite so large a quarry as that described as 
No. I. 


(3) This quarry is situated on the Lexington Pike some 
4 miles north of Danville. The stone is in part of bluish gray 
color and in part nearly white. The rift and grain are perfect, 
and the stone splits easily into long slabs that could be used 


for building purposes. 

(4) This quarry is only a short distance out from Danville, 
and is now inactive. 

(5) This quarry is 4y 2 miles west of Danville on the Perrv- 
# «/ 

viUe Pike. The stone is bluish gray, and the height of the work¬ 
ing face of the quarry is 20 feet. 

(6) This quarry is on the Perryville Pike 6 miles west of 
Danville. The working face of the quarry is about 60 feet in 
height and the stone is used for road work. 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 117 


(7) This quarry is on the Lebanon Pike about 5 miles 
southwest of Danville. The height of the quarry face is about 
20 feet, and the stone is used for road construction. 

(8) This quarry is near Parksville, 7 miles southwest from 
Danville. The stone is used for macadam. 

(9) This quarry is between Danville and Junction City, 
and is now inactive. 

(10) W. J. Sparks Quarry. This quarry is at Parksville 
on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. It is one of the largest 
and best quarries in the county. 

Bracken County 

The terranes of Bracken County are all Ordovician. They 
essentially belong to the Cincinnatian series, but according to 
Prof. A. M. Miller, the Lexington stage of the Champlainian 
series is represented in a small area in the vicinity of Foster in 
the northwestern part of the county. 

The limestones and shales are thin bedded, and can furnish 
limestones for local use only. 

(1) Foster Quarry. This small opening near Foster is 
in the Lexington limestone. The beds are thin and the stone 
medium to gray in color. 

(2) Brooksville Quarry. A small quarry near Brooks- 
ville, the county seat, has furnished stone for underpinning and 
curbing in Brooksville. It is probably in the Maysville 
formation. 

(3) Bradford Quarry. This quarry is located at Brad¬ 
ford, a small station on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad west 
of Welsburg. The stone which has been used locally is a dark 

gray limestone. 

Bullitt County 

The terranes of Bullitt County present a wide range in 
age. The Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous 
Periods are represented. The Cincincinnatian series are rep¬ 
resented in the eastern part of the county. These are flanked on 
the west by the Silurian limestones, Devonian black shale, and 

Mississippian limestones. 



118 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(1) Shepherdsville Quarry. This quarry is near Shep- 
herdsville, the county seat. The stone was used locally. This 
was in the limestone. 

(2) There is a small opening near Belmont, Belmont Fur¬ 
nace, in a buff colored, fine grained sandstone, which has been 
called a building stone. It is a friable sandstone, with clayey 
matter as the cementing material. It appears too soft and brit¬ 
tle for constructional purposes, but unoxidized portions of the 
bed might prove otherwise. An analysis of the stone gave 
94.75 per cent of silica and insoluble silicates. The same for¬ 
mation appears on the Knob at Bullitt’s Lick. 

(3) Clermont Quarry. This quarry is situated near Cler¬ 
mont, a small station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 
The quarry is several hundred feet in length, with a working 
face of some 20 feet in height. The stone is of light gray color 
and a fine building stone. 

(4) Quarry Switch. This quarry is at Quarry Switch, on 
the northeast side of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The 
quarry is in light gray limestone. It has furnished much build¬ 
ing stone that weathers white. This quarry can be made several 
hundred feet in length. It is so near the railroad that there is 
no cost in transporting the stone to the point of shipment. 

(5) Stites Quarry. This quarry is at Stites, a small sta¬ 
tion on the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis Railroad, about 
15 miles southwest of Louisville. The stone is used as railroad 
ballast. 

Campbell County 

The terranes of Campbell County all belong to the Ordo¬ 
vician system. They are, furthermore, all Cincinnatian, save a 
narrow strip along the Ohio River extending from the Pendle¬ 
ton County line nearly to California in Campbell County. The 
limestones are thin bedded, often with intercalated shale. They 
are of medium to dark gray color, and have been used locally in 
construction work, abutments, culverts, curbing, railroad ballast 
and macadam. 

(1) I. J. Croxson Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 miles 
south of Newport on the Alexander Pike. The stone is more mas¬ 
sive than in the other quarries and makes a fairly satisfactory 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 119 


building* stone. The stone for many retaining walls in Newport 
came from this quarry. 

(2) City Quarry. This quarry is situated on Grand Ave¬ 
nue about. 1 mile southeast of Newport, the county seat of Camp¬ 
bell County. The limestone at this quarry is somewhat slialy, 
hut it has been used in retaining walls and foundation work. 
There is a crusher at this quarry with a capacity of 150 tons 
daily. 

(3) Clifton Quarry. This quarry is 1% miles south of 
Newport. The stone is all quarried by hand and used for foun¬ 
dation work. The foundation for the courthouse is said to have 
come from this quarry. 

(4) New Richmond Quarry. This quarry is situated at 
New Richmond, some 20 miles southeast of Newport. It is a 
large quarry that has been used extensively for abutments, 
bridges and railroad ballast by the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. 

/ 

Carroll County 

The terranes of Carroll County are essentially confined to 
the Ordovician System, but there is a small outcrop of Silurian 
rocks in the extreme western part of the county. The Eden 
shales of the Cincinnatian series, which cover most of the county, 
are too thin bedded for building purposes. The area around 
Carrollton, the county seat, is heavily overburdened with sand 
and gravel. Some stone has been secured in the neighborhood 
of Carrollton, but no quarry was located. 

There is one large quarry in Carroll County. It is situated 
1 mile northeast of Worthville, on the west side of the Louis¬ 
ville & Nashville Railroad. The quarry is in the face of a high 
bluff, with the base of the quarry several hundred feet above 
the railroad. The quarry itself is about 400 feet in length, 100 
feet in breadth, and 100 feet in height of working face. The 
individual beds are quite massive. Some of them have thick¬ 
nesses ranging from 4 to 6 feet. The stone is of light gray 
color, and weathers white. Some of this stone can be seen in 
Worthville, where it has been used for foundation work. The 
most of the stone quarried has been used by the Louisville & 
Nashville Railroad for abutments, bridges and railroad ballast. 
The better beds are free from iron, and good dimension stone 



120 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


can here be secured in large quantities. The altitude of the 
quarry above the railroad places it at a little disadvantage, 
unless the stone is shipped to the railroad by a gravity tram. 


Clark County 

The terranes of Clark County fall in the Ordovician, Silu¬ 
rian and Devonian systems. The Cincinnatian series of the 
Ordovician comprises a larger area than all the others combined. 
They cover the whole of the northern and central portion. The 
Champlainian series is represented in the southwestern part of 
the county and the Silurian and Devonian systems appear in 
the southeastern part. The outcrops are therefore prevailingly 
limestones. The black Chattanooga shale appears only in broken 
outcrops in a narrow belt in the southeastern part of the county. 
These are flanked on the west by the Niagaran formations. The 
limestones are thin bedded and inclined to be shaly. However, 
an appreciable amount of building stone for local use has been 
obtained in Clark County. 

t/ 

(1) James Donahue Quarry. This quarry is owned and 
operated by James Donahue. The quarry is situated 1 mile 
south of Winchester, the county seat of Clark County. The 
stone is of dark gray color and of even texture. The quarry 
is small. It is used as a building stone and is considered good 
for underpinning. It can be seen in the foundation of the 
W. G. Rice residence on College Street. 

(2) The Robinson Quarry. This quarry is situated iy 2 
miles southeast of Winchester. The stone, which is of medium 
gray color, can be seen in the foundations of three homes on 
Hickman Street. It appears to weather well. 

(3) The Calamer Quarry. This quarry is situated about 
2 miles south of Winchester on the Boonesboro Pike. The stone 
is of medium gray color and has been much used in foundation 
work, abutments, bridges and road work. It is regarded as a 
good building stone. 

(4) Clark County Construction Company Quarry. This 
quarry is situated on Broadway, within the city limits. The 
stone is very thin bedded, dark gray color, not suitable for build¬ 
ing purposes, but used in railroad construction. 




CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 121 


(5) >8 'lusher Quarry. This quarry is on the Basin Springs 
Pike, 7 miles west of Winchester. The stone is of light gray 
color, uniform texture, works easily, and is the best building 
stone seen in the county. The stone is thin bedded, ranging from 
7 to 10 inches. Large, massive blocks cannot be secured. The 
quarry opening is approximately 100 feet in length, 50 feet in 
breadth, and 30 feet in height of working face. 

(6) S. 11. Rutledge Quarry. This quarry is owned by 
Mr. S. H. Rutledge, civil engineer, Winchester, Kv. It is sit¬ 
uated at the mouth of Goff’s Branch of Dry Fork, where the 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad crosses Dry Fork near the vil¬ 
lage of Ruckerville. 

This marble is gray in color, well calcitized and susceptible 
of a good polish. The sample submitted to the author contains 
some secondary chert, but not enough to interfere with the 
working of the stone. The rift and grain are good. This marble 
contrasts well with those of lighter shades, especially the mottled 
marbles, and it is well adapted for work in interior finish. 
According to Lucien Beckner, consulting geologist of Winchester, 
Kv., this marble has been used for outdoor construction in 
foundations, chimneys, walls, ice houses, etc., for more than a 
century, and the surface details of these old structures are as 
clear and distinct today as any imported stones seen beside 
them. 

The marble is in the Winchester formation, which is of 
Mississippian age, and about 140 feet from its top. It consists 
of about 10 feet of hard limestone between softer limestones 
and shale. At the surface where weathered the marble breaks 
up into blocks about 1 foot in thickness, but the lower portions 
of the formation are much thicker bedded. The rock is fairly 
uniform in color and durability. It is prized highly by local 
stonecutters. To determine the amount of merchantable stone 
in the neighborhood of this quarry detailed field work is 
necessary. 

(7) This quarry is about 1 mile east of Pine Grove, and 
is used for macadam. 

(8) This quarry is about 1 mile northeast of Winchester 
and is used for macadam. 





122 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(9) This quarry is near the junction of the Skinners Mill 
and Wades Mill roads, about 2 miles north by northeast of 
Winchester, and is used for macadam. 

(10) This quarry is 4 miles northeast of Winchester on 
the Wades Mill road, and is used for macadam. 

(11) This quarry is 6 miles northeast of Winchester near 
Wades Mill, and is used for macadam. 

(12) This quarry is at Skinners Mill, and is used for 

macadam. 

(13) This quary is a little south of east of Winchester, 
about 5 miles from Winchester, and is used for macadam. 

(14) This quarry is about 2 miles southeast of Winchester, 
and used for macadam. 

(15) This quarry is about 3 miles southeast of Winches¬ 
ter on the road to Ruckerville, and is used for macadam. 

(16) This quarry is on Four Mile Creek about 3 miles 
southeast of Winchester, and is used for macadam. 

(17) This quarry is about 1 mile southwest of Pine Grove 
Station on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, and is used for 
macadam. 

(18) This quarry is about 2 miles southwest of Winches¬ 
ter on the road to Germantown, and is used for macadam. 

It is not impossible that in several of these quarries lime¬ 
stones of medium gray color could be secured for building 
purposes. 

The First Presbyterian Church ou Main Street, Winchester, 
carries Rowan County freestone in the lower half of the edifice. 
The ashlar blocks in the upper half came from Rockcastle 
County from an old quarry on Round Stone Creek. The cut 
stone trimmings are from Bedford, Indiana. 

Fayette County 

All the terranes of Fayette County belong to the Ordovician 
system. With the exception of a few rather limited outcrops 
of the Cincinnatian series, Eden shale, they are all Champlain- 
ian in age. The High Bridge stage of the Champlainian series 
is brought into view in the southeastern part of the county 
along the Kentucky River wherever the river is on the northwest 
side of the Kentucky River fault. It also forms the bed and 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 123 


the walls of Boone Creek for some little distance north of where 
the creek empties into the Kentucky River. The Lexington stage 
of the Champlainian series covers all the western part of the 
county, and the Cynthiana stage is well represented in the 
eastern part. 

Fayette County is well situated for the production of large 
quantities of building stone. Its advantages are (1) the wide 
distribution of 5 different limestones or marbles, well suited for 
building purposes; (2) the fact that Lexington, the county seat, 
is a prominent railway center: (3) the abundance of bluffs of 
the Camp Nelson, Oregon and Tyrone formations along the 
Kentucky River, which furnishes the cheapest means for trans¬ 
portation of quarry products. 

The Camp Nelson bed is massive, fine grained, even textured, 
mottled at times with lenses or narrow layers of dolomite. 



20. KENTUCKY RIVER MARBLE. 

This cut shows the thickness of the Oregon formation in a quarry near 

Clays Ferry, Fayette County, Ky. 


The Oregon formation, or Kentucky River marble, is a 
dolomite, which is fine grained, even textured, buff colored, and 
often mottled. The Tyrone, or Kentucky marble, is massive, 
exceedingly fine grained, compact, breaks with a deep con- 










124 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


choidal fracture, works easily, and is dove colored. The Lexing¬ 
ton limestone is here a grayish granular to crystalline limestone 
that is sufficiently crystallized in some of the quarries to receive 
a good polish and find use in decorative interior work. In one 
quarry the limestone seems to be entirely recrystallized. If so, 
then this is a marble. A microscopic slide will be prepared from 
this quarry and studied under polarized light to ascertain the 
amount of metamorphism or molecular rearrangement in the 
calcium carbonate that has taken place at this quarry. It is 
one of the hardest limestones encountered in the State and its 
resistance to abrasion and shock appears to be due to the inter¬ 
locking of the small calcite crystals. The Cynthiana in the 
eastern part of the county, gray or bluish gray in color, in some 
instances is sufficiently thick bedded to be quarried for build¬ 
ing purposes. 

(1) Clays Ferry Quarry. This quarry is situated about 
13 miles southwest of Lexington near Clays Ferry. The quarry 
has been operated more or less intermittently for many years, 
and the stone shipped to Lexington for builidng purposes. It 
carries much excellent building stone. The quarry is in the 
Kentucky River marble and the Kentucky marble. 



21. CLAYS FERRY QUARRY. 

This cut shows the Kentucky Marble, Tyrone formation at the top, and 
the Kentucky River Marble, Oregon formation, at the bottom.’ 

(2) Grimes Mill Quarry. This quarry is located at 
Grimes Mill on Boones Creek, about 12 miles southwest of Lex¬ 
ington. It is in the Oregon and Tyrone formations. This quarry 










CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 125 


furnished much building stone for Lexington. The tinted col¬ 
umns and the pediment of the Old Capitol at Frankfort, Daniel 
Boone’s monument in the Frankfort cemetery, and the monu¬ 
ment of Henry Clay in the cemetery at Lexington, all came 
from this quarry. The Henry Clay statue in the Mines Building, 
Lexington, was cut from one piece of Kentucky River marble 
by a sculptor to whom Joel Hart was apprenticed. Several 
houses on Boones Creek and Grimes Mill were constructed with 
this stone. One of the houses was erected in 1813, and is still in 
a good state of preservation after more than 100 years of 
exposure. 



22. RESIDENCE ON BOONES CREEK. 

This residence cn Boones Creek, Fayette County, Ky., was built of 
Tyrone limestone in 1813, and shows the value of the stone in consti no¬ 
tion work. 

(3) This is a small quarry just east of the Richmond Pike, 
a little south of where the Grimes Mill road branches to the 
southeast from the Richmond Pike. It is in the blue limestone, 
and is used in road construction. 






126 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(4) Jacks Creek Quarry. This quarry is situated on 
Jacks Creek Pike, 12 miles south of Lexington. It is in the blue 
limestone and furnishes a good road metal. 

(5) Tates Creek Quarry. This quarry is on Tates Creek 
Pike, just south of its intersection with Walnut Hill Pike, 8 miles 
south of Lexington. It is a good road stone. 

(6) This quarry is on the Coletown and Kidville road, 9 
miles south of Lexington. It furnishes good road metal. 

(7) Athens Quarry. This quarry is on the Boonesboro 
Pike, 9 miles southeast of Lexington. It is a good road metal. 

(8) Boones Creek Quarry. This quarry is 1 mile south¬ 
east of Athens on Boones Creek. It can furnish much fine build¬ 
ing stone. 

(9) Boonesboro Pike Quarry. This quarry is on the 
Boonesboro Pike, 8 miles southwest of Lexington. It is a good 
road stone. 

(10) Cleveland Pike Quarry. This quarry is located on 
the Cleveland Pike, 1 mile north of the Athens quarry. It is a 
good road metal. 

(11) Armstrong Mill Quarry. This quarry is on the 
Armstrong Mill Pike, 6 miles south of Lexington. It is a good 
road metal. 

(12) Tates Creek Pike Quarry. This quarry is on Tates 
Creek Pike, 5 miles south of Lexington. It furnishes a fine 
building stone, as well as an excellent road stone. 

(13) Pricetown Quarry. This quarry is situated at Price- 
town on Todds Pike, 6 miles southeast of Lexington. The stone 
is too soft and shaly for even road work. It wears away very 
rapidly under constant traffic. 

(14) Tates Creek Pike Quarry. This quarry is on Tates 
Creek Pike, 3^/2 miles south of Lexington. This quarry fur¬ 
nishes no screenings in the crushing of the stone for road con¬ 
struction. The screenings for topdressing the road in this vicin¬ 
ity are obtained from other crushers. The stone is the hardest 
of any found in the county, due to a greater interlocking of the 
calcite crystals. The stone is susceptible of a fine polish, and 
suited for building purposes. The thickest individual bed found 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 127 


in this quarry is 2 feet. The stone for constructional work 
should be sawed. This quarry is owned by A. L. Hamilton of 
Lexington, Kentucky. 



23. JESSE QUARRY, FAYETTE COUNTY, KY. 

This quarry shows the thickness of the individual beds and the light gray 

color of the rock. 

(15) South Elkhorn Quarry. This quarry is on the Har- 
rodsburg Pike, 4 miles southeast of Lexington. It furnishes a 
good road metal. 

(16) Estell Quarry. This quarry is situated just a little 
north of the Winchester Pike, 3 miles east of southeast of Lex¬ 
ington. It furnishes an excellent building stone that is much 
used in Lexington. 

(17) This quarry is on the Bryant Station and Chilesburg 
Pike, some 6 miles east of southeast of Lexington. The screen¬ 
ings are exceptionally heavy, because the rock is too shaly for 
the best road work. 

(18) Avon Quarry. This quarry is on the Briar Hill 
Pike, 7 miles east of Lexington. It furnishes a very good road 
metal. 

(19) Briar Hill Quarry. This quarry is on Briar Hill 
Pike, 6 miles east of Lexington. The stone is excellent for road 
construction. 

(20) City Quarry. This quarry was situated within the 
city limits of Lexington, just off from South Limestone Street, 









128 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


in the neighbrohood of the large warehouse. The foundations 
for the warehouse were quarried where the warehouse now 
stands. Much good stone for foundation walls was obtained 
here in the earlier history of building in Lexington. A part of 
the quarry area has been tilled in by grading, and all quarry 
work abandoned. 

(21) Jones Quarry. This quarry is on Spring and Pinard 
Pike, near the Bluegrass Park, 7 miles west of Lexington. It 
furnishes good stone. 

(22) This quarry is one-half mile west of the city limits, 
but it is now abandoned. Tt has furnished good building stone 
for local use. 



24. CITY HALL, LEXINGTON, KY. 

1 his structure was built of Bowling 1 Green white oolitic limestone an 1 

illustrates its architectural effect. 


(23) "Workhouse Quarry. This quarry is situated 1 mile 
west of the city limits, near the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 
It carries some very good stone, a part of which has been used 
in foundation work. 














CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 129 


(24) This quarry is situated near the Louisville & Nash¬ 
ville Branch of the Southern Railway System. It is too thin 
bedded, shalv and brittle to prove satisfactory in any work. 

(25) Yiley Quarry. This quarry is on the Louisville & 
Nashville Railroad 2(4 miles northwest of Lexington. The stone 
is very good. This quarry has recently been purchased by 
Payette County from the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 

(26) This quarry is on the Louisville & Nashville Rail¬ 
road, 3Vo miles northwest of Lexington. The stone is good, and 
it was reported that this quarry is to be opened up this fall on 
a large scale. 



25. POSTOFFICE, LEXINGTON, KY. 

This building- shows the architectural value of Kentucky stone for 

massive construction. 


(27) Headley Quarry. This quarry is situated on Russell 
Cave Pike, 1 mile northeast of Lexington. It furnishes hand¬ 
some building stone for local use, and good road metal. The 
stone is gray in color, well crystallized, and susceptible of a 
handsome polish. Commercially, if not mineralogically, it is 
a marble. This quarry has been in continuous operation for 
many years. 


B. s5 


































130 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(28) Montrose Quarry. This quarry is at Montrose, 3 
miles east of Lexington. The stone is very good. 

(29) Russellville Pike Quarry. This quarry is situated 
on the Russellville Pike, l 1 /? miles northeast of Lexington. It 
furnishes a very good medium gray building stone. 

(30) Haggin Quarry. This quarry is on the Ilaggin 
estate, about one-half mile northwest of Muirs Station and about 
6 miles northeast of Lexington. The stone in this quarry is 
both a building stone and a road stone. 

(31) Georgetown and Lexington Pike Quarry. This 
quarry is on the Georgetown and Lexington Pike, 4% miles 
north of Lexington. The stone is very good. 

(32) This quarry is on the Ironworks Pike, 5 miles north¬ 
west of Lexington. The stone is used entirely for road work. 

(33) Dag gin Quarry. This quarry is on Elkhorn Creek, 
6 mi’es northeast of Lexington. The stone is good. 



36. CENTRAL CHRISTIAN CHURCH, LEXINGTON, KY. 

This church is at the corner of Walnut and Short Streets, Lexington, 
Fayette County, Ky. The bluish gray, massive body is from the free¬ 
stone quarries of Rockcastle County. The brown stone trimmings came 
from East Long-meadow, Mass. The polished granite columns came from 
Vinal Haven, Maine. A little Rowan County freestone appears in the 
edifice. 


(34) Huffman Mill Quarry. This quarry is on Huffman 
Mill Pike, 6% miles northeast of Lexington. The stone is good. 

(35) Greenwich Pike Quarry. This quarry is on Green¬ 
wich Pike, 10 miles northeast of Lexington. This is an excep¬ 
tionally good quarry for road metal. 






CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 131 


(36) Russel Cave J } ike Quarry. This quarry is on Russell 
Cave Pike, 10 miles northeast of Lexington. The stone is good. 

(37) Elkhorn Creek Quarry. This quarry is on Elkhorn 
Creek, about one-fourth of a mile east of the Huffman Mill 
road, and about 6 miles northeast of Lexington. 

(38) Harris Quarry. This quarry is on Elk Lick, about 
1 mile below Clays Ferry. The bed of the Oregon formation is 
6 feet in thickness. An analysis of this bed gave 59.88 per cent 
calcium carbonate, and 37.05 per cent magnesium carbonate. 
This brings the rock well within the range of the dolomites. 



27. GOOD SHEPHERD CHAPEL, LEXINGTON, KY. 

This chapel is on East Main Street, Lexington, Fayette County, Ky. 
It was built of limestone from quarries around Lexington. 


Fleming County 

The terranes of Fleming County cover a greater range in 
age than has been observed in most counties. They belong to 
the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian systems. 
The entire western part is Ordovician. The Silurian series 
passes in a rather narrow belt across the county, through Hills¬ 
boro and Poplar Plains. The Silurian is flanked on the east 
by a very narrow belt of Devonian shales. The extreme eastern 
part, bordering Rowan County, is Mississippian. 

The rocks therefore are widely varied in chemical composi¬ 
tion, color, texture, degree of crystallization, and in the uses 












132 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


to which they are best adapted. A larger number of quarries 
have been opened in Fleming County than in almost any other 
countv in the State. 

t/ 

A wide variety of building stone is the direct result. The 
author could not ascertain that much stone had been shipped 
from the county. Yet in counties quite remote from Fleming, 
stone was found in foundations and monuments reported to have 
come from Fleming County. J. B. Faulkner cut and polished 
stone from this county many years ago. 

(1) County Quarry. This quarry is situated 1 mile east 
of the courthouse at Flemingsburg, the county seat. It is in a 
dark gray limestone, which is used for road work. 

(2) City Quarry. This quarry was also called Cemetery 
Quarry, for it is situated only a few rods from the cemetery gate. 
The quarry opening is about 300 feet in length, 200 feet in 
breadth, and 20 feet in height of working face. The beds vary 
somewhat in thickness. The upper beds are comparatively thin. 
The lower beds arc from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, massive, crvs- 
tallized, and of dark gray color. The dark gray color is flecked 
with small white crystals of calcite. The stone works easily into 
ashlar blocks and is of uniform texture. It cuts to a sharp edge. 
It hammers white, and receives a high polish. The contrast is 
marked between the hammered and polished surfaces. For 
monumental work, for which this marble is admirably suited, 
the face should be polished and then the surface cut away in 
such a maner as to leave the raised letters polished. The letter¬ 
ing could then be read at long distances. For purposes of mas¬ 
sive construction, the ashlar blocks will present a uniform gray 
color, and be pleasing in its architectural effect. The stone is a 
marble, mineralogically, for it is completely recrystallized, and 
commercially, for it receives a high polish, and is well suited 
for decorative interior work. For inlaid floors in courthouses, 
banks and hotels, alternating with a lighter colored marble, this 
stone is one of the best. The same would hold equally true 
of paneling. A polished sample of this marble can be seen in 
No. 54, Museum of Kentucky Geological Survey, Frankfort. 

(3) County Quarry. This quarry is situated on the John¬ 
son Pike, 1 mile northwest of Flemingsburg, and is used for 
macadam. 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 133 


(4) Station Quarry. This quarry is at the station of the 
Cincinnati, Flemingsburg & Southern Railroad. The stone is of 
light gray color, thick bedded, well crystallized, and weathers 
white. It makes a very satisfactory building stone for local use. 

(5) R. W. Meadows Quarry. This quarry is reached by 
going west from Flemingsburg 1 mile on the Mt, Sterling Pike 
and then turning to the left and going y 2 mile on the dirt road. 
The stone here is of light gray color and weathers white. It can 
be seen in the foundations of the old High School building, and 
in many retaining walls in Flemingsburg. It is a good building 
stone. 

(6) Model Road Quarry. This quarry is 2 x /> miles north¬ 
west of Flemingsburg on the Fitch farm. It is a new quarry, 
but the stone is excellent for both constructional and road work. 

(7) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Johnson Pike, 
4 miles northwest of Flemingsburg. The stone is regarded as one 
of the best in the county. 

(8) Fleming Creek Quarry. This quarry is situated 1 
mile east of the courthouse. The quarry is small and inactive. 

(9) Red Sandstone Quarry. This quarry is situated 12 
miles east of the courthouse. It has been used in monumental 
and foundation work. 

(10) Hillsboro Quarry. This quarry is just east of Hills¬ 
boro and about 15 miles southeast of Flemingsburg. The stone 
is bright red sandstone, and regarded good. 

(11) County Quarry. This quarry is 9H> miles east of 
the courthouse. It is also in the red sandstone and used as 
macadam. 

(12) County Quarry. This quarry is on Tupper Pike at 
Plummers Landing 10 miles southeast of Flemingsburg. It is 
also called the Ferris Lane Quarry. The stone is used for 
macadam. 

(13) Matey Quarry. This quarry is 1 mile north of the 
courthouse. It is in limestone, and inactive. 

(14) Mell-vain Quarry. This quarry is situated near 
Cassidy Station, 2 miles southwest of Flemingsburg. The stone 
is of rich dark gray color, well crystallized, susceptible of a 
high polish, and is one of the best in the county. It should he 
classified as a marble. 





134 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(15) Kirby Quarry. This quarry is 4% miles southwest 
of the courthouse on the Elizaville and Craintown Pike. 

(16) Bridgeport Quarry. This quarry is situated 3 miles 
south of Elizaville, and is in limestone which would make a good 
building stone. 

(17) Burns Quarry. This quarry is at Ewing, 7V 2 miles 
from Flemingsburg, and is a good building stone. 

(18) Stiekrod Quarry. This quarry is 10 miles north¬ 
west of the courthouse. It is in very good limestone, but was 
abandoned on account of water. The water could be pumped 
out and the quarry reworked. 

(19) Andrews Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Flemingsburg and Upper Blue Lick Pike, 3 miles west of the 
courthouse. It is a good building stone. 

(20) Grannis Quarry. This quarry is near No. 19, and 
is the same stone in all its essential characteristics. 

(21) Walker Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Maysville Pike, 4 miles north of the county seat. It is now 
inactive. 

(22) Johnson and Kelly Quarry. This quarry is on the 
Johnson and Kelly Pike, 4% miles northwest of the courthouse. 
It is a very good building stone. 

(23) Bradford Quarry. This quarry is on the Convict 
Pike, 4 miles west of Flemingsburg. It is a good building stone. 

(24) Mt. Carmel Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Mt. Carmel Pike, 5 miles northeast of Flemingsburg. It is in 
the bright red sandstone, and the stone could be used for red 
stone fronts or retaining walls. 

The Farmers Bank on Water Street has a stone front built 
of Fleming County limestone. The old Episcopal Church on 
Water Street, now used as a dwelling house, has foundations of 
local stone quarried and set in 1860. The old Presbyterian 
Church, built in 1812, has its foundation of local stone. At the 
residence of R. K. Dudley the California bungalow outside 
chimney was built of local stone. It presents a very pleasing 
effect. The retaining wall in front of the residence of Judge 
J. P. Harbeson, Main and Cross Streets, was built of local stone, 
1870-1875. These citations illustrate the weathering qualities 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 135 


of the Fleming County Building Stone. The sidewalks in Flem- 
ingsburg, containing blocks 10 feet in length and 3 feet in 
width, are of Rowan County freestone. 



28. RETAINING WALL. 

This wall is in front of the residence of Judge J. P. Harbeson, Flem- 
ingsburg, Fleming County, Kv. It was built of local stone more than 
75 years ago. 

Franklin County 

The terranes of Franklin County belong entirely to the 
Ordovician system. The areas of outcrops are about equally 
divided between the Champlainian and the Cincinnatian series. 
The former flanks the Kentucky River on both sides across the 
entire county, and also both sides of its tributaries from both 
the east and the west. The Cincinnatian formations are the 
more widely distributed in the western part and the extreme 
northeastern part of the county. 

The formations are all limestones, sometimes shaly in the 
upper layers of large quarries, but usually sufficiently thick 
bedded and massive for good building stone. In fact, in some 
of the quarries blocks of any dimension desired can be obtained. 
They range in color from the white or nearly white Kentucky 
Marble, Tyrone, to a dark bluish gray limestone on the higher 
altitudes. Some of these are sufficiently crystallized to be classi¬ 
fied as marbles, and they are susceptible of a high polish. A 
polished sample of the medium gray, fine grained marble can be 


























136 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


seen in the museum of the Kentucky Geological Survy. For a 
full description of the Kentucky Marble see the description of 
Tyrone quarry under Anderson County. The quarries around 
Frankfort have furnished much stone for constructional work, 
abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing, paving, chimneys, etc. 
Also for railroad ballast and macadam. 



29. J. B. BLANTON QUARRY. 

This section of the J. B. Blanton Quarry, Frankfort, Franklin County, 
shows the relative thickness and horizontality of the individual beds. 

(1) J. B. Blanton Company Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated within the city limits on the Kentucky River, and on the 
east side of Frankfort, the county seat of Franklin County. 
The stone was quarried for the Old Capitol where the J. B. 
Blanton cement plant now stands. The value of this birdseve 
limestone or Kentucky Marble as a building stone is well illus¬ 
trated by the Old Capitol, which has stood so many years exposed 
to the corrosive agents of the atmosphere, and which now shows 
so few ill effects from weathering. 






CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 137 


The quarry is 550 feet in length, 150 feet in breadth, and 
100 feet in height of working face. The J. B. Blanton office on 
the corner of Main and High Streets came from this quarry. 
Also the retaining wall at the entrance to the quarry, the 
retaining walls along the Kentucky River, in some places 40 
feet high and 7 feet wide at the base, the Old Capital Hotel, 
which was destroyed by fire, the walls of the old Penitentiary, 
now the State Reformatory, many attractive homes in South 



30. FRANKFORT STONE COMPANY QUARRY. 

This quarry is at Frankfort, Franklin County, Ky. It shows good 

building stone. 

Frankfort, and many distilleries and mills. The individual beds 
of this Kentucky Marble are about 6 feet in thickness, with a 
total thickness of 60 feet. This quarry is capable of putting its 
dimension stone on the market in such a way as to make this 
ideal building stone of interstate reputation. A large part of 
the quarry product now enters into road work, cement and 
concrete. 

(2) Workhouse Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
north side of the City of Frankfort and within the city limits. 
It is owned and operated by the city. The length of the quarry 
face is approximately 300 feet, with breadth the same. The 
height of the working face is 172 feet. 










138 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The stone has been used for curbing on many streets in the 
city, and for paving blocks. A portion of the quarry product 
is now manufactured into cement and concrete curbing. It is 
used in the construction of concrete houses and keeping the 
paved streets of the city in repair. There is a large crusher at 
this quarry. The large crushed stone is 3 inches in diameter, 
the intermediate grade 2 inches in diameter, and the smallest 
size is screenings used in road dressing. 



31. INGLE,SIDE. 

Residence of the late Col. Charles F. Hoge on the Frankfort-Versailles 
Pike, Franklin County, Ky. Photo by J. F. Cusick. 


(3) Frankfort Stone Company Quarry. This quarry is 
situated on the River Road, just off Devil’s Hollow Pike. W. J. 
Hulette is the owner and operator. The quarry has been in con¬ 
tinuous operation for 16 years, save in 1019-1920. The length 
of the quarry is 165 feet, the breadth of the quarry 100 feet, and 
the greatest height of the quarry face 165 feet. The thickness 
of the individual beds sometimes attains to 30 feet. There is 
excellent building stone at both the top and the bottom of the 
quarry. The stone in the upper portion is bluish gray in color, 














CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 139 



32. PAYNTER RESIDENCE. 

Home of the late Senator Thomas H. Paynter, 229 Shelby Street. Frank¬ 
fort, Franklin County, Kv. The stone is Kentucky Marble. 



HOWSER AND MCDONALD RESIDENCES. 


This cut shows the residences of E. W. Howser (left) and Frank Mc¬ 
Donald corner of Second Street and Capitol Avenue, Frankfort, frank¬ 
lin County, Ky. It shows the effect of the Birdseye or Tyrone limestone 
in private residences. 


and closely resembles the upper layers in the J. B. Blanton 
quarry. The stone in the lower portions of the quarry is gray- 




















140 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


ish white to white in color, and closely resembles the lighter 
stone in the J. B. Blanton quarry. 



34. METHODIST CHURCH, FRANKFORT, IvY. 

This church is on Washington Street, Frankfort, Franklin County, 
Ky It was built of Tyrone limestone from the J. B. Blanton Quarry in 
1S43. 

A part of the New Capitol building was constructed with 
stone from this quarry. It was estimated by Mr. W. J. Hulette 
that more than 100 private homes in and around Frankfort 
contain this stone. The handsome residence of George Feamster 
on Shelby Street is an illustration of the value of this stone in 
residential work. The rock crusher at this plant has a capacity 
of 150 tons per day. Four different sizes of crushed stone are 
manufactured. No. 1, 2 inches in diameter; No. 2, l 1 /? inches 
in diameter; No. 3, 1 inch in diameter; No. 4, screenings % 
inch in diameter. The product of this quarry was used in 















CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 141 


building the concrete blocks for the warehouses at Lock No. 4 
on the Kentucky River. Two wheelbarrows of screenings to 1 
bag of cement meets the State requirements for road construc¬ 
tion. This equals 4 to 1 by weight. 



?,5. GUARD WALL, FRANKFORT. KY. 

This wall is at the north end of the St. Clair Street bridge over the 
Kentucky River at Frankfort, Franklin County, Ky. The stone is mostly 
Tyrone limestone. 


The main body of the decorative walls along the Louisville 
Pike came from this quarry, but the curbing and decorative top 
came from the Kate Williams quarry. 

(4) Kate Williams Quarry. This quarry is situated on 
the Devil’s Hollow Pike, about 1% miles west from Frankfort. 
The stone is of bluish gray color, and a good building stone. It 
corresponds to the upper layers at the quarry of the Frankfort 
Stone Company. This stone was used in building Lock No. 6 
on the Kentucky River, and also the fence on the Colonel E. H. 
Taylor property. 



















142 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(5) Lillis and Harrod Quarry. This quarry is situated 1 
mile northwest of Frankfort, on the Bald Knob Pike. The stone 
is of bluish gray color, and a good building stone. 



36. STATE REFORMATORY WALL, FRANKFORT, KY. 

This cut shows a section of the wall of the State Reformatory, Frank¬ 
fort, Franklin County, Ky. It is reported to have been built more than 
100 years ago. 

(6) This quarry is situated directly south of the city, just 
beyond the entrance to the Louisville Pike. 

(7) An old quarry was reported at Lock No. 4 on the Ken¬ 
tucky Liver, about 1 mile north of Frankfort. The stone was 
used in building the lock and dam at this place. 

(8) This quarry was located on the old John R. Scott 
farm, some 4 or 5 miles east of Frankfort. 

(9) This quarry is in the neighborhood of South Elkhorn, 
about the same distance from Frankfort. 

Dr. David Dale Owen, former State Geologist, says of these 
quarries, Nos. 8 and 9, that they furnish the best building stone 







CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 143 


that can be obtained from the blue limestone formation in the 
eastern part of the county. Dimension stones of from 1 to 5 



37. RETAINING WALL, FRANKFORT, KY. 

This wall is at the intersection of Main and High Streets, Frankfort, 
Franklin County, Ky. All the blocks are Tyrone limestone. 



38. THE OLD CAPITOL. FRANKFORT, KY. 

The fluted columns are from the Oregon formation. The dimension 
blocks are from the Tyrone formation. Photo by J. F. Cusick. 

feet thick can be secured. This rock lias been used in founda¬ 
tions for seme of the best houses in the county, as well as for 






























































144 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 



39. 


DANIEL BOONE MONUMENT, 


FRANKFORT, 


KY. 


This monument is in the cemetery at Frankfort, Franklin County Ky 
It was cut from the Kentucky River Marble. Photo by J. F. Cusick. 





































CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 145 



















146 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


gate posts and steps, and has stood well the test of years in 
trying situations. It splits well, and when freshly quarried it 
is easily worked with a chisel, and takes a partial polish, but 
it is rather too porous to make a good marble. This stone not 
only stands the action of frost, but even strong radiating heat, 
without cracking, placed in the jambs of fireplaces. 

(10) Dr. John P. Ste wart Quarry. This quarry is located 
on the Stewart farm near Farmdale. Besides other ordinary 
structural limestone it produces a semi-crystalline crinoidal 
limestone which takes a beautiful polish, and is therefore a com¬ 
mercial marble. It would be best suited for interior finish as a 
small amount of carbonate of iron in the crinoid stem would 
cause it to weather to a rusty brown in exposed positions. 

Gallatin County 

The terranes of Gallatin County all belong to the Ordovi¬ 
cian system and the Cincinnatian series. This series seems to 

be divided between the Eden shales and the Mavsville limestone. 

*/ 

The former are too thin bedded and shaley to furnish building 
stone. The latter sometimes produces beds sufficiently thick 
bedded for local use. A quarry in thin bedded limestone was 
reported to exist a few miles south of Warsaw, the county seat. 

Garrard County 

The terranes of Garrard County belong to the Ordovician, 
Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian systems. Ordovician ter¬ 
ranes exceed in area the other three systems combined. The 
northwestern portion of the county is in the Champlainian series. 
The central portion is Cincinnatian. These Ordovician rocks 
are flanked on the southwest by a narrow belt of the Silurian 
limestones, then by a narrow belt of Devonian shale, which is in 
turn flanked again by the Mississippian. 

The building stones of the county are limestones and mar¬ 
bles. The white birdseye limestone or Kentucky Marble attains 
a thickness of about 50 feet. The gray and mottled marbles 
about 30 feet, and the buff building stones about 10 feet. These 
rocks were quarried as early as 1850 for foundation work, out¬ 
side stone chimneys, fire jambs and road construction. The 
pikes leading out of Lancaster, the county seat, are mostly built 
of the gray and blue limestones. 






CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 147 


(1) Bryantsville Quarry. This quarry is situated near 
Bryantsville, and about 10 miles northwest from Lancaster. The 
bluffs here rise so high and are so long that the supply of stone 
seems to be inexhaustible. The stone ranges in color from white 
to light gray, and is of uniform texture. It has been used for 
building purposes and macadam. 

(2) This quarry is near Lancaster, and has furnished 
stone for foundation work and road construction. 

Grant County 

The terranes of Grant County arc all Ordovician. For the 
most part they belong to the Cincinnatian series, but the Cham- 
plainian, Cynthiana, appears in a narrow belt in the southwest¬ 
ern part of the county. The Cincinnatian formations are divided 
between the Eden shales in the southern part and the Maysville 
limestone in the northern part of the county. 

The limestones are thin bedded, of medium to dark gray 
color, and no quarries are known to produce building stone other 
than for local use around Williamstown, the county seat. The 
Queen & Crescent Route of the Southern Railway System passes 
north and south through the center of the county, and has used 
the local thin bedded limestone for railroad ballast. The thin 
beds are used also for abutments, bridges, curbing and road 
work, but this use is purely local. 

Harrison County 

The terranes of Harrison County are all Ordovician in age. 
The Champlainian series appear in a narrow belt along the South 
Fork of the Licking River and on both sides of the tributaries 
to South Fork from the west. The Lexington and Cynthiana 
stages are both represented. The Cincinnatian formations, Eden 
shales, cover the entire eastern and western portions of the 
county. 

The building stones of Harrison County are limestones and 
marbles. The limestones are of light gray and medium gray 
color. The marbles are of medium gray and dark gray color. 
They are all fine grained and even textured. 

The marbles are well crystallized and susceptible of a high 
polish. They cut to a sharp edge, hammer white, and the con¬ 
trast is strong between hammered and polished surfaces. The 




148 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


stone is not thick and heavy bedded, like the limestones in War- 
ren County, but they are sufficiently thick bedded in several 
quarries to provide good dimension blocks. The better beds 
range from 1 to 3 feet in thickness. A polished sample of this 
marble can be seen in Specimen No. 49 in the museum of the 
Kentucky Geological Survey. The marble blocks should be 
sawed to prevent wastage. The stone is well adapted for con¬ 
structional work in ashlar blocks. In decorative interior work 
it would be especially pleasing. 



41. J. Q. WARD QUARRY, CY NT HI AN A, KY. 

This quarry is at Cynthiana, Harrison County, Kv. The thickness of 
the beds of limestone can be seen back of the broken stone in the fore¬ 
ground. 

(1) J. R. Poindexter Quarry. This quarry is situated 
about three-fourths of a mile southeast of Cvnthiana, the county 
seat of Harrison County. The length of the quarry is 300 feet, 
the breadth is 50 feet, and the altitude of the working face about 
20 feet. The stone was used in the foundation of the new city 
hospital, and other buildings within the city. It is also easily 
worked into paving blocks, and is now largely used in the con¬ 
struction of the new Lair Pike. The gray and bluish gray 
varieties were both used in the foundation of the new school 
building. The gray crystalline marble is the best produced in 
the quarry. 

(2) The McGihhen Quarry. This quarry is about three- 
fourths of a mile south of Cynthiana. This quarry furnished the 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 149 


stone for the* county jail built many years ago. It weathers a 
uniform light gray. The stone has also been used in a large 
number of retaining walls and dams. 

(3) Jack Lemons Quarry. This quarry is about 1 mile 
southeast of Cynthiana. It produces a light gray building stone 
that weathers nearly white. 



42. J. R. POINDEXTER QUARRY, CYNTHIANA, ICY. 

This quarry and crusher are at Cynthiana, Harrison County, Ky. The 
quarry is in dark gray, well crystallized limestone. 


(4) Pleasant Street Quarry. This quarry furnished the 
stone for the Methodist Episcopal Church South. The quarry 
has now been abandoned, although it still contains good building 
stone. 

(5) William Redmond Quarry. This quarry is situated 

1 mile east of Cynthiana, on the old Lair Like. It is now owned 
by Jack Lemons. It furnished the stone for the Christian 
Church on the corner of Main and Mill Streets, the trimmings 
of which are Rockcastle freestone. This quarry is now idle. 

(6) Belmont Quarry. This quarry is 1 mile west of Cyn¬ 
thiana. It has furnished quite a little stone for local building 
purposes, but it has been abandoned on account of a heavy 
overburden that demanded too great an expense in sti ipping. 

(7) Quincy Ward Quarry. This quarry is situated about 

2 miles southeast of Cynthiana on the new Lair Pike. The stone 
is orayish white and crystalline. It is an excellent building 















150 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


stone, and is said to be one of the best road building rocks in 
the State. It has a crusher and the product is used in the con¬ 
struction of the new Lair Pike. It receives a very handsome 
polish. 

(8) The County Quarry. This quarry is on the Oddville 
Pike, one-half mile east of Cynthiana. It carries a crusher and 
the stone is used on the county roads. 



43. CHRISTIAN CHURCH, CYNTHIANA, ICY. 

This church is on Main Street, Cynthiana, Harrison County, Ky. The 

stone came from the Belmont Quarry. 

(9) Oddville Quarry. This quarry is on the Oddville 
Pike, 4 miles east of Cynthiana. The stone is being used on the 
Oddville Pike. 

(10) Helms Quarry. This quarry is on the Falmouth 
Pike, 2 miles north of Cynthiana. It is inactive. 

The stone in the Episcopal Church, built in 1856, came from 
an abandoned quarry near the old cemetery on North Main 
treet. The foundation of the Crown Jewell Mill, said to have 
been built more than 100 years ago, is of local stone. The stone 
is still well preserved. 

Henry County 

The terranes of Henry County all belong to the Ordovician 
system. The Champlainian series, Cynthiana, is represented by 








CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 151 


a small area in the northeastern part of the county along the 
Kentucky River. The Cincinnatian series is divided between the 
Eden shale in the southeastern part and the Maysville and 
Richmond stages which cover the remainder of the county. 

As a rule, the formations are thin bedded and would pro¬ 
duce building stone only in limited quantities for local use. 
Along the Kentucky River, which forms the northeastern bound¬ 
ary of the county, the bluffs rise over 350 feet above low water, 
and in their lower portions good building stones can be secured. 

(1) Loclcport Quarry. This quarry is located at Lock- 
port, on the Kentucky River. The quarry was opened to fur¬ 
nish stone for the lock and dam at Lockport. It has been used 
for other building purposes. The stone is sufficiently crystal¬ 
lized to receive a good polish. 

(2) Gestville Quarry. This quarry is situated at Gest, 
formerly Gestville, on the Kentucky River. The stone was quar¬ 
ried for the construction of the lock and dam at Gest. It pos¬ 
sesses the same characteristics as the building stone at Lockport. 

(3) Jericho Quarry. This quarry is near the small sta¬ 
tion at Jericho, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The 
stone has been used as ballast and macadam. 

(4) Pendleton Quarry. This quarry is situated at Pen¬ 
dleton, a small station on the Cincinnati Division of the Louis¬ 
ville & Nashville Railroad. The stone is used for ballast and 
macadam. 

(5) This quarry is near New Castle, the county seat of 
Henry County. The stone was quarried for underpinning in 
New Castle. 

Jefferson County 

According to the State geologic map, the terranes of Jef¬ 
ferson County are widely varied in age. The extreme eastern 
portion of the county lies in the Ordovician system, Cincinna¬ 
tian series. The Silurian system, Niagaran series, Louisville 
sub-stage, flanks the Cincinnatian formations on the west. These 
terranes fall to the east of the central part of the county. Pei- 
haps a part of the territory mapped as Cincinnatian is in reality 
Niagaran. The Devonian system traverses the central part of 
the county in a general north and south direction. It is not 
confined to the Ohio and Chattanooga shales of the Upper Devo- 




152 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


nian, for the Middle Devonian, with its Columbus limestone, 
has extensive development. It forms the main portion of the 
ledge, which has produced the falls of the Ohio, at Louisville, 
which represents one of the best ancient coral reefs in 
America. The southwestern portion of the county carries the 
Mississippian system of rocks. The Cuyahoga shale, with inter¬ 
calated sandstones, and the Logan stages, are represented. The 
Logan on Holtsclaw Hill south of Louisville attains a thickness 
of 20 feet. 

The limestones of Jefferson County furnish most admir¬ 
able building stone. They are not only suited for purposes of 
massive construction, but also for abutments, bridges, retaining 
walls, foundations, outside chimneys, fire jambs, fences, etc. 
Some of them are used for railroad ballast, paving blocks and 
macadam. Some of them contain 10 per cent or more of silica, 
with a sufficient amount of clavey matter so that when the stone 
is burned and ground, it has the property of setting. This 
rock is the hydraulic limestone. Some of the limestones are 
burned for lime, which may be used both for building and agri¬ 
cultural purposes. 



44. CITY WORK HOUSE QUARRY, LOUISVILLE, KY. 

This quarry is in Louis\ille, Jefferson County, Ky, The cut shows the 
thickness of the individual beds and the methods of hauling- the stone 
from the quarry floor. 


The principal quarries on Beargrass Creek in the eastern 
environs of Louisville are in the Louisville Limestone. It ranges 




CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 153 


in thickness from 60 to 75 feet, with the individual beds varying; 
from 1 to 7 feet in thickness. This greater thickness is well 
illustrated in the City Work House Quarry, 3 miles east of the 
courthouse at Louisville, the county seat of Jefferson County. 

The upper portion of the Louisville limestone is of bluish 
gray color, line grained, even textured, siliceous, argillaceous, 
and highly fossiliferous. It is the chief source of the Louis¬ 
ville limestone fossils, which are very abundant. Near the cen¬ 
ter of the Louisville formation there occurs a thick, even bedded, 
magnesian limestone. This stone is of light bluish gray color, 
very fine grained, with perfect rift and grain, works easily and 
weathers buff. It is microcrystalline, and susceptible of a polish. 
This is considered by the author of this report the best building 
stone of Jefferson County. It is extensively used for this pur¬ 
pose, and for foundations, retaining walls, and curbing. As 
seen in the eastern part of Louisville, it produces a most pleasing 
effect. The lower portions of the Louisville limestone are of 
darker gray color than the top layers, and much harder than 
any of the other layers. Therefore, these lower layers make 
better paving blocks, curbing, flagging and macadam. 



45. HENRY BICKLE QUARRY, LOUIS VTLLE, IvY. 

This quarry is in Jefferson County, Ky. It shows the thickness of the 

individual beds. 

The cherty members are the only layers of the Louisville 
limestone that are not extensively used for building purposes or 
curbing, but even the cherty layers are often seen in the founda- 



















154 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


tions of some beautiful residences on Third and Fourth Streets, 
north of Broadway. The uniform, soft, slightly bluish to bluish 
gray tints in the Louisville limestone makes it a favorite for the 
construction of churches, in which it presents a very pleasing 
exterior appearance. 

The upper half of the Laurel dolomite, which is the second 
member below the Louisville limestone, and also a member of 
the Niagaran system, contains a high grade building stone. It is 
not as thick bedded as the Louisville limestone, for the individ¬ 
ual layers are from 1 to 2 feet in thickness. On account of the 
evenness of the bedding, and the good rift in the stone, it can be 
easily quarried and manufactured into dimension stone for 
building purposes with a minimum expenditure. The stone is 
of very light gray color, with a tendency to weather to a light 
buff. It is very fine grained, and of uniform texture. It is a 
building stone of fine quality. 

The lower layers of the Laurel dolomite are much harder, 
darker in color, and one bed attains a thickness of 16 feet. It 
is well suited for curbing, paving and macadam, and can be 
used in foundation work. 

The Saluda limestone, which is the uppermost member of. 
the Cincinnatian system in Kentucky, is an argillaceous lime¬ 
stone, which has been used on a small scale for heavy masonry 
construction. It is of uniformly bluish grav color on its freshiv 
fractured surfaces, but upon long continued exposure to the 
atmosphere it shows a rather pleasing banding of light bnff, yel¬ 
lowish and brown colors. It is a veiy fine grained, even textured, 
soft, easily worked, thick bedded, argillaceous limestone. This 
bed attains a thickness of 30 feet. For this reason, and because 
the limestone is so soft and easily worked, large dimension stone 
can be obtained for purposes of heavy masonry. 

i \ ay. 3 be set in such a way that the 
greatest pressure will be at right angles to the planes of bedding, 
for these planes of lamination are planes of weakness. The abut¬ 
ments of the bridge on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, one- 
half mile northwest of Eastwood, are Saluda limestone. These 
abutments show no signs of flaking or crumbling, although they 
have been exposed to the corrosive agents of the atmosphere for 






CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 155 


many years. This rock has also been used at the various locks 
of the Louisville canal. 

The thin beds of the Liberty and Arnheim formations, sub¬ 
stages of the Richmond, are used locally for retaining walls, 
outside stone chimneys, fences, etc. The thick bedded Waynes- 
ville formation which lies between the Libertv and Arnheim 
members, suggests its possible use for building purposes. How¬ 
ever, it lacks the even grain of the other formations described, 
and the bedding may not be uniform. Its actual value would 


be difficult to estimate until some quarry is opened in this for¬ 
mation for other purposes than road work. 

According to Charles Butts, the Kenwood and Holtsclaw 
sandstones should afford building stone for a limited local use. 
No quarries were seen by the author in these last two formations. 



46. ABANDONED QUARRY. 

This quarry is near the city water works of Louisville, Jefferson County, 

Ky. It shows reserve building- stone. 

All of the limestones described above, whether dolomitic 
or otherwise, are used extensively for macadam. The largest 
shipping quarry outside the City of Louisville is at Tucker, 
a station on the Southern Railroad, Louisville and Lexington 
Branch. Temporary quarries have been opened for road work 
in many parts of the county, and limestone for this purpose is 
very abundant. 








156 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The Jeffersonville limestone which, caps the hills and the 
spurs in Jefferson County is sufficiently abundant and suffi¬ 
ciently low in content of magnesium carbonate to permit its use 
in the manufacture of Portland Cement. For this purpose, a 
limestone should not be utilized which contains more than 5 
per cent of magnesium carbonate, and preferably less than 3.5 
per cent. 

The Silver Creek Hydraulic Limestone was formerly used in 
the manufacture of natural cement. It underlies the City of 
Louisville. The quarry was situated at the foot of 14th Street, 
near the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge. 

The activities have been so intense in the quarry industry 
in Jefferson County that it seems impractical to attempt to list 
all the quarries. The smaller quarries change ownership so 
often that it might be difficult to locate them in a few years by 
the names that now might be given. 



47. PRESBYTERIAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 

This Seminary is at 109 East Broadway, Louisville, Jefferson County, Ky. 
It was built of Bowling- Green white oolitic limestone. 

(1) City Work House Quarry. This quarry is situated 
3 miles east of the courthouse. Some of the individual beds are 
quite blue on their fresh surfaces; others are of light bluish 

















CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 157 


£i<i\ coloi. 1 he thickest individual bed was 7 feet. Several 

beds were 5 feet in thickness. The total length and breadth of 
the quarry were approximately equal, 750 feet. The height of 
the present working face was 20 feet. There is much excellent 
building stone at this quarry. 

The crusher at this quarry lias a capacity of 103 tons per 
day. Four different sizes of stone are manufactured. No. 1, 2 
inches in diameter, used in road bed; No. 2, 1 inch in diameter, 
used as a binder; No. 3, ]/> inch in diameter, used for covering 
and patch work; No. 4, dust, used for top dressing. 



48. CARNEGIE LIBRARY, LOUISVILLE, KY. 

This cut shows the entrance to the Carnegie Library, Louisville, 
Jefferson County, Ky. The library was built of the Bowling- Gre n white 
crystalline limestone. 

(2) This quarry h some 30 rods beyond the Work House. 
It contains the same type of limestone as the Work House 
Quarry. The walls of the Work House were constructed of 
stone from this quarry about 50 years ago. The walls have 
weathered to a white or slightly yellowish white color, and prove 
the value of the stone in architectural work. The quarry was 
abandoned for want of ownership of more quarry land, but the 
supply of stone is not exhausted. 




























158 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(3) Henry Bickle Quarry. This quarry is situated 4 
miles east of the courthouse on Raymond Avenue, between 
Frankfort Avenue and the Work House road. There are 15 
acres in the quarry. The stone is excellent for building and 
road work. The stone for the addition to the beautiful Strath¬ 
more home on the Taylorsville road came from this quarry. 

(4) Stengle Quarry. This quarry is in the same neigh¬ 
borhood, and it furnished the stone for the 11 visible courses in 
the home of Lawrence Siebert, 2141 Spring Street. 



49. CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL, LOUISVILLE, KY. 

This church is on South 2nd Street, Louisville, Jefferson County, Ky. 
It was built of Louisville limestone. Plate date 1822. 

(5) Shank Quarry. This quarry is in the eastern part 
of Louisville. It produces most excellent building stone from the 
Louisville limestone. 

(6) Wm. F. Woodruff Quarry. This quarry is some 4 
miles northeast of the courthouse, near the Blanken Baker Sta- 































CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 159 


tion on the Pewee Valley eleetric line. It is the largest quarry 
around Louisville. 

(7) Jim Taylor Quarry. This quarry is 2 miles north¬ 
east of the courthouse on the interurban trolley line near Water 
Works Station. 

(8) Atkins and Staebler Quarry. This quarry is at Douts 
Point, 2 miles southeast from the courthouse, and about % 
mile from the city line. 

(9) Camp Taylor Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Paducah or Poplar Level road, 4 miles south of the courthouse. 
It is a little north of Camp Taylor. The stone was used in the 
construction of the camp. 

(10) Charles Bameister Quarry. This quarry was also 
called the Pewee Valley Quarry. It is owned and operated by 
Chas. Bameister. It is about 20 miles east to northeast of Louis¬ 
ville. It has a crusher with a 100-ton capacity. 



50. CITY PENITENTIARY, LOUISVILLE, KY. 

This cut shows the city penitentiary with its enclosing- wall built of 
stone from the old city work house quarry, 1S76. Louisville, Jefferson 
County, Ky. 

(11) L. & N. Quarry. This quarry is at Avoca, on the 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 17.3 miles east of Louisville. 
The stone is used for railroad ballast. 

(12) Edgar Cox Quarry. This quarry is some 20 miles 
east of Louisville between Avoca and Anchorage. 














160 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(13) Jefferson County Quarry. This quarry is on the 
Brownsboro Pike, 8 miles east by southeast of the courthouse. 

The stone is used for macadam. 

(14) B. B. Taylor Quarry. This quarry is some 20 miles 

south of Louisville, and the stone is used for macadam. 

(15) The Tucker Quarry. This quarry is in the Laurel 
dolomite. The upper portion is cut into dimension blocks for 
building purposes, and the lower portions are used for road 
metal. The quarry is the largest in Jefferson County outside 
of the City of Louisville. It is situated at Tucker, a station on 
the Shelbyville-Louisville Electric Railroad. 

(16) Bear grass Quarry. This quarry is in the eastern 
part of Louisville. In it can be seen the actual contact between 
the Jeffersonville limestone at the top and the Louisville lime¬ 
stone at the bottom. 



51. CITY JAIL, LOUISVILLE, KY. 

The lower courses represent Kentucky stone. 


(17) There is an abandoned quarry near the city water 
works. It still carries much good building stone. It is about 
3V-> miles northeast of the courthouse. 

(18) Cemetery Quarry. This quarry is a little to the 

northeast of Cave Hill Cemetery in a meander of Middle Fork. 

«/ 






















CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 161 


(19) Kosmos Portland Cement Co. Quarry. This quarry 
is located on the Ohio River at Dugan’s Landing, Ky. The rela¬ 
tive dimensions of the qnarry are: length, 1,680 feet; breadth, 
900 feet; height of working face at highest point, 110 feet. The 
upper 36 feet is in high grade limestone, then 22 feet dolomitic 
limestone, then 40 feet of high grade limestone, then 5 feet of 
very pure limestone followed by 7 feet of impure limestone. 

Jessamine County 

All the terranes of Jessamine County belong to the Ordo¬ 
vician system. The Champlainian series covers nearly the entire 
county. The Cincinnatian series is represented by a narrow 
strip on the southeast side of Hickman Creek, and by an 
extremely narrow tongue extending southward from Brannon, 
in the northern part of the county. 

The oldest exposed rocks in the State are those lying at 
low water on the Kentucky River at Camp Nelson in the south¬ 
ern part of the county, where the Kentucky River trenches the 
crest of the Jessamine Dome. According to Prof. A. M. Miller, 
the High Bridge stage of the Champlainian series is approxi¬ 
mately 600 feet in thickness in Jessamine County, but only about 
400 feet are exposed to view along the palisades of the Kentucky 
River. 

The lowest exposed member of the High Bridge stage is the 
Camp Nelson formation, which is 285 feet in thickness. This is 
a very thick bedded, massive, white to grayish white, fine 
grained limestone. It has a remarkable resistance to both corro¬ 
sion and corrasion, and is an excellent building stone. The 
Camp Nelson sub-stage, showing its characteristic thick bedding, 
is well exposed at the Brooklyn Bridge in Woodford County. 

The Camp Nelson bed is overlaid by the Oregon formation. 
It is the formation known in the geologic history of Kentucky 
as the Kentucky River Marble. It outcrops along the Kentucky 
River from Boonesboro to Camp Nelson whenever the river is 
on the northwest side of the Kentucky River fault. It is a 
continuous outcrop along the Kentucky River from Camp Nel¬ 
son, in Jessamine County, to Clifton, in Woodford County. The 
thickness of the formation varies from 15 to 25 feet. It is white 
to buff in color, and sometimes mottled in appearance. It is a 


B. S — 6 




162 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


fine grained, even textured, thick bedded, dolomitic limestone. 
With its magnesium carbonate content exceeding 30 per cent, 
it may well be classed as a dolomite. It is a very fine building 
stone that ought to be more widely utilized. It is well worthy 
of interstate reputation. 

The uppermost member of the High Bridge stage of the 
Champlainian series is the Tyrone, with a maximum thickness 
of 90 feet. For a complete description of this formation see 
Ty rone, under Anderson County. It has been extensively quar¬ 
ried and used as a building stone. Its reputation should become 
national as a building stone. 

The gray to bluish gray, granular, crystalline limestone of 
the Lexington stage overlies the Tyrone and furnishes stone 
for building purposes. It is especially well suited for founda¬ 
tions, abutments, bridges, culverts, railroad ballast and 
macadam. 



52. HIGH BRIDGE QUARRY. 

This quarry is at High Bridge, Jessamine County, Ky. It is in the 
Tyrone limestone and shows the thickness of the individual beds. 


(1) High Bridge Quarry. This quarry is on the east 
side of the Kentucky River at High Bridge. The quarry is 
owned by the American Stone and Ballast Company of Cin¬ 
cinnati, Ohio. The operators and managers are Dorman and 
Utter. The quarry has been in continuous operation for over 








CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 163 


20 years. The quarry face does not mark a straight line. Its 
circuitous length is 1,200 feet. Its breadth is 750 feet. Its 
height as measured by an aneroid barometer is 62 feet. It is 
one of the largest quarries in the State. The individual beds 
are from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, and contain much valuable 
building stone. 

There is at this quarry a very large rock crusher which 
makes a larger variety of crushed stone than most crushers 
throughout the State. No. 1 is 4 inches in diameter, No. 2 is 
3 inches in diameter, No. 3 is 2 inches in diameter, No. 4 is 1 
inch in diameter, and No. 5 is screenings and dust. 

(2) This is a small quarry on the right of High Bridge. 

(3) This is a small quarry on the left of High Bridge. 
The stone removed from both has only been used locally. 



53. WILMORE QUARRY, WILMORE, ICY. 

This quarry is near Wilmore, Jessamine County, Ky. It shows the 

thickness of the individual beds. 


High Bridge, a quiet little village on the bank of the Ken¬ 
tucky River, should not be confused with the high bridge over 
the Kentucky River at this point. The bridge known as High 
Bridge is 1,230 feet in length and 308 feet above the Kentucky 
River at normal level. It is said to be the highest structure of 
its kind over a navigable river in the United States. 






164 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(4) Glass Mill Quarry. This quarry is situated between 
Wilmore and Glassmore. The stone for the new Catholic Church 
in Nicholasville, the county seat, came from this quarry. The 
beds are from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, and the product is a good 
building stone. The William B. Glass Company’s warehouses 
at Wilmore, and the stone for the foundation of the new High 
School at Wilmore, came from this quarry. 

(5) Davis and Delong Quarry. This quarry is on a 
branch road from the main road from Wilmore to High Bridge. 
The quarry is several hundred feet in length, and quarried at 3 
different openings. The quarry face is from 10 to 15 feet in 
height. The beds are thick, and the stone is good. 

(6) Camp Nelson Quarry. This quarry is at Camp Nel¬ 
son on the north bank of the Kentucky River. It furnished the 
stone used in a large number of distilleries along the Kentucky 



54. WILLIAM B. GLASS COMPANY WAREHOUSE. 

This warehouse is at Wilmore. Jessamine County, Ky. It was built of 

stone from the Glass Quarry. 

River. These walls in many cases illustrate well the value of the 
stone in constructional work. 

(7) Rev. D. W. Alexander Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated 6 miles east of Nicholasville. It furnished the stone for 
the foundation of the courthouse at Nicholasville. 










CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 165 


Kenton County 

The terranes of Kenton County all belong to the'Ordovician 
system. The Champlainian series, Cynthiana, is represented in 
a narrow strip along the west side of the Licking River. The 
remainder of the rocks belong to the Cincinnatian series. The 
Cynthiana formation is flanked on the northwest by the Eden 
shales, which in turn are flanked by the Maysville and Richmond 
formations. 

The limestones of Kenton County are thin bedded. They 
are of gray to bluish gray color, and some foundations in Cov¬ 
ington constructed from them are fairly pleasing in their effect. 
The foundations, retaining walls and decorative walls often 
show shaly layers or pattings that produce a somewhat lami¬ 
nated effect. 



55. PAROCHIAL SCHOOL, COVINGTON, KY. 


The foundation of this school building-, Covington, Kenton County, Ky., 

is limestone from Kenton County. 


(1) City Quarry. This quarry is situated on the Alta- 
mont road, 2 miles southwest of Covington, the county seat. The 
quarry is 800 feet in length, 100 feet in breadth, and the height 
of the working face is 35 feet. The thickest bed of limestone in 
this quarry is 12 inches. The stone is used for foundation work, 
abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing and road construction. 




































166 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(2) Scholler Quarry. This quarry is on Highland Pike, 
3 miles southwest of Covington. The length of the quarry is 
approximately 900 feet, the breadth is 150 feet, and the height 
40 feet. The stone is used for the same purposes as No. 1. The 
foundations of the Parochial School building between Washing¬ 
ton and Russell Streets came from this quarry. 

(3) This quarry is located about 3 miles south of Coving¬ 
ton on the Lexington Pike. It is now inactive, but it is operated 
intermittently for purposes of road construction. 

The First National Bank in Covington was erected with 
Rockcastle County freestone in 1905, and no block in the entire 
structure showed any discoloration from iron. 

Lincoln County 

The terranes of Linclon County belong to the Ordovician, 
Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian systems. The Cincinna¬ 
tian series of the Ordovician covers the whole of the northern 
part of the county. These are limestones. The Silurian out¬ 
crops in the vicinity of Crab Orchard. The area of outcrop 
extends eastward from Crab Orchard to Rockcastle County and 
[Westward to a point a few miles west of Maywood, on the South¬ 
ern Railroad System. There are also a few inliers of the Silu¬ 
rian in the Ordovician area, especially to the northwest of Crab 
Prchard. The Silurian is wanting in the western part of the 
bounty. A narrow belt of the Devonian shale passes east and 
west across the county, and the whole of the southern portion 
of the county is covered with the Mississippian formation. 

(1) Stanford Quarry. This quarry is situated near Stan¬ 
ford, the county seat. The stone has been used locally for foun¬ 
dation work in Stanford, and for road construction. 

(2) Knob Lick Quarry. This quarry is located near Knob 
Lick, and the stone is used for road work. 

Two miles east of Crab Orchard there is a limestone or mar¬ 
ble ledge, well crystallized, 14 feet in thickness at exposure, 
that would take a very high polish and make a beautiful stone 
for both massive construction and decorative interior work. 
There is also near Gilberts Creek a pink marble traversed by 
dark zigzag bands closely resembling the pink Tennessee marble. 
This rock is fine grained, well crystallized, and good for both 
building and monumental work. 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 167 


Madison County 

The terranes of Madison County are widely varied in age. 
They belong to the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian 
and Pennsylvanian systems. 

The Champlainian series of the Ordovician is represented 
only by a narrow belt of outcrops along the Kentucky River 
in the northern and northwestern part of the county, and also 
in the northwestern part along the tributaries to the Kentucky 
River from the south. These lower formations contain excel¬ 
lent building stone. 

The Cincinnatian series of the Ordovician occupies more 
area in this county than all other formations combined. The 

i 

western portion is covered by the Eden shales, which are too 
thin bedded and friable for building stone. The central portion 
is covered by the Maysville and Richmond formations, which 
occasionally carry beds of limestone sufficiently massive and 
thick bedded for building purposes. 

The Silurian formations traverse the eastern part of the 
county, and pass in a southwesterly direction across it, a little 
south of Paint Lick. The Devonian shales stretch across the 
entire southwestern part of the county. The Mississippian 
formation occupies the southern portion, with some tongues of 
the Pennsylvanian extending out into the Mississippian. 

The rocks in the southern and western half of the county are 
thin bedded and shaly, and from them no building stones can 
be expected, with the exception of one area of freestone noted 
later. The Maysville and Richmond formations in the central 
part have furnished some stone for local use around Richmond, 
the county seat. The High Bridge along the Kentucky River 
can furnish much building stone, but only one quarry has been 
ojierated extensively in this group of formations. 

(1) Ford Quarry . This quarry is near Ford, a small sta¬ 
tion on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, about 10 miles north 
of Richmond. It has furnished both building stone and road 
stone. 

(2) City Quarry. This is a small quarry near Richmond 
that has furnished a little stone for foundations, curbing, etc., 
in Richmond. It weathers gray, but uniformly. 






168 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(3) Berea Quarry. A quarry was reported to the south 
of Berea, and a little to the east of the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad, that furnished the sandstone for several buildings at 
Berea College. Also for abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing, 
etc. 



56. CITY QUARRY, RICHMOND, IvY. 

This quarry is in massive, dark gray limestone near Richmond, Madison 

County, Ky. 


(4) County Quarry. This quarry is used entirely in the 
construction of permanent roads. 

The post-office at Richmond was erected under an Act of 
Congress introduced by Hon. James B. McCreary, and approved 
February 24, 1891. The stone for this post-office came from the 
Langford quarry at Langford in Rockcastle County. This build¬ 
ing is remarkably well preserved, and very pleasing in its archi¬ 
tectural effect. It testifies to the value of Kentucky freestone 
for building purposes. 

The base of the Christian Church came from the Tyrone for¬ 
mation from the Marble Creek quarry in Jessamine County. 
Rockcastle County freestone was used in the decorations. The 
St. Marks Catholic Church on Main Street was erected with 
Tyrone stone from the Marble Creek quarry. The State Bank 
and Trust Company Building contains Rockcastle County free¬ 
stone from one of the small quarries near the Langford quarry. 
The stone in the McKee Building on Main and First Streets 
came from the same quarry as that in the State Bank and Trust 
Company Building. 







CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 169 


The slate underneath the Knobs in the eastern and south¬ 
eastern part of the county has been used to quite an extent in 
surfacing the highways. 



57. POSTOFFICE, RICHMOND, KY. 

This Government Building- at Richmond, Madison County, Ky., was 
built of Rockcastle County freestone and shows well the value of this 
stone for massive construction. 


Marion County 

The terranes of Marion County fall into the Ordovician, 
Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian systems. The Cincinnatian 
series is by far the most important commercially. These out¬ 
crops cover the entire northern half of the county, save a rather 
small area in the northwestern part, bordering Nelson County. 
The Eden shales of the Cincinnatian series outcrop in the 
extreme northeastern part of the county. The Maysville out¬ 
crops occupy the northern portions, and it is in this formation 
that the building stones are obtained. 

The Silurian system is represented only on the northwest¬ 
ern part , of the county. From the western border of Marion 
County to the eastern part of Lincoln County the Silurian for- 

















































170 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


mations are virtually wanting, and therefore the Devonian 
shales flank the Ordovician limestones on the south. The 
extreme southern portion is entirely Mississippian in age. 

The Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian are all too thin 
bedded and too shaly to produce building stones. The Mays- 
ville formation of the Cincinnatian series furnishes some excel¬ 
lent building stones. These vary in color from a light or cream 
gray to a bluish gray. In texture, they vary from fine grained 
to coarse grained. Some of the calcite crystals exceed ^ inch, 
in diameter, and both the larger and the smaller crystals show 
perfect rhombohedral cleavage. The stone is so completely 
recrystallized that it takes a good polish, and a polished sample 
can be seen as No. 69a in the museum of the Kentucky Geological 
Survev. It is classified as one of the Kentuckv marbles. The 
stone weathers white, and is well suited for massive construc¬ 
tional work, as well as decorative interior work. Dark zigzag 
bands occasionallv traverse the stone. 



58. ESTES QUARRY, LEBANON, KY. 

This quarry is near Lebanon, Marion County, Ky. It shows the thick¬ 
ness of the individual beds of white building - stone. 

(1) Chicago Quarry. This cpiarry is situated near Chi¬ 
cago, a small station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, about 
10 miles west by northwest of Lebanon, the county seat of 
Marion County. The quarry is in thin bedded limestone, and 
the product is used entirely in road construction. 






CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 171 


(2) T. M. Estes Quarry. This quarry is located within 
the city limits of Lebanon, a little north of the courthouse. The 
stone has been used quite extensively for building purposes. 
It is very good. 

(3) T. M. Estes Quarry. This quarry is located on the 
Springfield Pike, 1 mile north of the courthouse. It contains 
both the light gray and the bluish gray, well crystallized varie¬ 
ties of limestone. The individual beds are from 2 to 4 feet in 
thickness. The rock is an excellent building stone. The large 
blocks should be sawed, and care taken to reject all blocks that 
show evidence of dead seams, for in some of these dead planes a 
little iron sulphide occurs. 

(4) Stephen Rogers Quarry. This quarry is on the Brad¬ 
fords ville Pike, 4 miles southeast of Lebanon. The stone is used 
in road construction. 

(5, 6, 7, 8, 9) These quarries are all on the Danville Pike, 
within 6 miles of Lebanon. The first is almost 2 miles west, and 
the others about 1 mile apart. The stone is used for foundations 
and macadam. 

, i » 

(10) St. Mary Quarry. This quarry is situated at St. 
Mary, a small station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 
about 3 miles west of Lebanon. The stone is an excellent build¬ 
ing stone that weathers white and is very pleasing in its effect. 
The St. Mary’s Church was built of this stone, from an aban¬ 
doned but not exhausted quarry near the church. The stone 
was also used in foundations and approaches to the Loretto 
School for girls. 

(11) Humphrey Quarry. This quarry is on the Spring- 
field Pike, 4 miles north of Lebanon. It is a good building and 
road stone. 

(12) Jackson Lane Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 
miles south of the courthouse. The stone is thin bedded, and is 
used in road construction. 

(13) Miller Pike Quarry. This quarry is on Miller Pike, 
3 miles southwest of Lebanon. The stone is used for macadam. 

(14) Jimtown Quarry. This quarry is within the city 
limits, and near the Campbellsville Pike. 

(15) Rains Hill Quarry. This quarry is also within the 
city limits. Both Nos. 14 and 15 are small quarries. 




172 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(16) Loretto Quarry. This quarry is at Loretto. It fur¬ 
nished the base course for Loretto Academy. The stone was 
quarried for this purpose over 30 years ago. The stone is of 
light gray color, weathers white, and is pleasing in its effect. It 
is a very good building stone. 

Mason County 

Practically all the terranes of Mason County belong to the 
Cincinnatian series of the Ordovician system. There is sup¬ 
posed to be one small area of Silurian outcrops in the extreme 
eastern part of the county. This has no commercial significance. 
The Eden shales occupy the western and northern portions of the 
county. The Maysville formation covers the whole southeastern 
portion with a somewhat narrower belt, stretching in a north¬ 
westerly direction across the entire county. 

Practically all the limestones are thin bedded and inter¬ 
calated more or less with shaly layers. In color they are blue, 
bluish gray, gray, and dark gray. They are fine to medium 
grained in texture." They are massive, hard, and resistent to the 
corrosive agents of the atmosphere. Some of them are suffi¬ 
ciently recrystallized to be classified as marbles. They are 
susceptible of a high polish, and the contrast is marked between 
the dark polished surface and the white hammered face. The 
marble is well adapted to decorative interior work. For panel¬ 
ling and inlaid floors it is especially well suited. With a judi¬ 
cious selection of this dimension stone, it would prove satisfac¬ 
tory for building purposes. 

In the early history of the county a number of stone houses 
were erected. The stone has stood the test of time well. Some 
blocks that should have been rejected by the builders found their 
way into some of these structures, as they have in other localities 
into almost all early stone structures. These stone dwellings 
were erected in Maysville, Mayslick, Washington, and elsewhere 
in Mason County. The foundation of the Maysville High School 
is of local stone, also the base course of First Methodist Episco¬ 
pal Church, South. 

The 35 quarries listed below are all in limestone. Each 
quarry carries much the same quality of stone. The upper beds 
in the various quarries are the lighter gray, and the lower beds 




CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 173 


the darker gray. Quarry No. 7 has the best building stone of 
any quarry in the county. The individual beds here are from 
2 to 3 feet in thickness. The thickest beds are towards the bot¬ 
tom of the quarry. The lowest beds are well crystallized. 

(1) L. Anderson Quarry. This quarry is just outside the 
city limits to the west of Maysville, the county seat. 

(2) W. Wadsworth Quarry. This quarry is also just 
outside the city limits to the west of the courthouse. 

(3) This is a private quarry on the Lexington Pike, 2 
miles southwest of Maysville. 

(4) Thomas Malone Quarry. This quarry is on the Lex¬ 
ington Pike, 4 V 2 miles southwest of Maysville. 

(5) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Lexington 
Pike, 6 miles southwest of the courthouse. 

(6) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Lexington 
Pike, 9 miles southwest of Maysville. 

(7) This quarry is on the Mayslick Pike, 12 miles south¬ 
west of the courthouse. 

(8) County Quarry. This quarry is IV 2 miles southeast 
of Maysville. 

(9) 8. M. King Quarry. This quarry is 2 miles southeast 
of the courthouse. 

(10) County Quarry. This quarry is 7 miles southeast of 
Maysville. 

(11) County Quarry. This quarry is at Marshall Station, 
8 miles southeast of Maysville. 

(12) County Quarry. This quarry is 11 miles southeast 
of Maysville. 

(13) County Quarry. This quarry is on Mill Creek, 12 y 2 
miles southeast of Maysville. 

(14) County Quarry. This quarry is 17 miles southwest 
of Maysville. 

(15) Private, Quarry. This quarry is 15 miles southwest 
of Maysville. 

(16) II. C. Hawkins Quarry. This quarry is at Mays¬ 
lick, 12 miles south of Maysville. It contains very good build¬ 
ing stone. 

(17) Private Quarry. This quarry is 17 miles southwest 
of Maysville. 




174 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(18) John Hunter Quarry. This quarry is on the Mur- 
physville Pike, 5 miles southwest of the courthouse. 

(19) Thomas Rhodes Quarry. This quarry is on the 
Murphysville Pike, 7 miles southwest of Maysville. 

(20) John Latham Quarry. This quarry is on the Sardis 
Pike, 10 miles southwest of Mavsville. 

y ly 

(21) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Murphys¬ 
ville Pike, 12 miles southwest of Maysville. 

(22) County Quarry. This quarry is 16 miles southwest 
of Maysville, and 1 mile from Sardis. 

(23) Sardis Quarry. This quarry is between No. 22 and 
the village of Sardis. 

(24) Private Quarry. This quarry is about 1 mile from 
Sardis. 

(25) County Quarry. This quarry is on Clarks Run, 5 
miles southwest of Maysville. 

%y 

(26) John Simmon Quarry. This quarry is 10 miles west 
of the courthouse. 

(27) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Germantown 
Pike, 2 miles west of Maysville. It contains very good building 

stone. 

/*> 

(28) County Quarry. This quarry is 7 miles west of 
Maysville. 

(29) Ed. Dyar Quarry. This quarry is 11 miles west of 
Maysville. 

(30) Frank Boyd Quarry. This quarry is 12 miles west 
of Maysville at Minerva. The stone is very good for building. 

(31) R. O. Stewart Quarry. This quarry is 10 miles west 
of the courthouse. 

(32) Private Quarry. This quarry is 12 miles west of 

the courthouse on the Fern Leaf and Dover Pike. 

— '•< 

(33) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Minerva and 
Tuckahoe Pike, 6 miles west of Maysville. 

(34) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Hill City 
Pike, 6 miles south of Maysville. 

(35) County Quarry. This quarry is 5 miles south of 
Maysville, on the Hill City Pike. 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 175 


Mercer County 

The terranes of Mercer County belong to the Ordovician 
system. Nearly all of them are in the Champlainian series. The 
High Bridge stage, Camp Nelson, Oregon and Tyrone forma¬ 
tions, forms the high bluffs along the Kentucky River on the 
eastern boundary of the county. In scaling the bluffs from the 
Kentucky River to Shakertown, over 300 feet of rock is exposed. 
Aside from the narrow Kentucky River belt, the eastern half of 
the county is covered by the Lexington stage, and the western 
half chiefly by the Cynthiana formation. The Eden shales of 
the Cincinnatian series cover a somewhat limited portion of the 
western half. These shales are the youngest rocks represented 
within the countv. 



59. TYRONE QUARRY. 

This quarry is at Tyrone, Mercer County, Ky. The quarry is in the 

Tyrone limestone. 

The Oregon bed, Kentucky River marble, and the Tyrone 
bed, Kentucky marble, produce two of the finest building stones 
of the State. The supply along the Kentucky River is inexhausti¬ 
ble. The Tyrone formation was quarried many years ago for 
the beauitful stone structures at Shakertown. The gray, granu¬ 
lar, crystalline Lexington formation furnishes a good building 
stone. A little northwest of ITarrodsburg along the Harrods- 
burg-Cornishville Pike, the Lexington limestone is coarse 
grained, heavy bedded, and well crystallized. 

















176 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(1) Shalcertown Quarry. This abandoned quarry was in 
the Tyrone formation under the bluffs of the Kentucky River. 
It furnished the stone for numerous buildings in Shakertown. 
There has been so much work done in constructing the road 
from Shaker Ferry to Shakertown that the exact location of the 
quarry was not made. The limestones of this bluff in Mercer 
County can furnish an inexhaustible supply of good building 
stone. 

(2) Harrodsburg Quarry. This quarry is situated within 
the city limits of Harrodsburg, the county seat of Mercer County. 
It has furnished a considerable amount of building stone for use 
in Harrodsburg. The stone is of bluish gray color and weathers 
nearly white. It belongs to the Lexington formation. In 1882 
Mr. Wagner cut and polished a monument that received a very 
high polish, from the Harrodsburg marble. 

(3) This quarry is just outside the little hamlet of Shaker¬ 
town, on the Shakertown-Danville Pike. 

(4) This quarry is also on the Shakertown-Danville Pike 
about 2 miles from Shakertown. 

(5) Bur gin Quarry. This quarry is near the little vil¬ 
lage of Burgin, 2 miles southeast of Harrodsburg. The stone is 
used for macadam. 

(6) This quarry is about 1 mile northwest of Harrods¬ 
burg on the Cornishville Pike. The stone is well suited for build¬ 
ing purposes. 

Montgomery County 

The terranes of Montgomery County belong to the Ordovi¬ 
cian, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sys¬ 
tems. All of the Ordovician rocks are Cincinnatian in age. The 
thin bedded Eden shales cover the northwestern part of the 
county. The Maysville and Richmond stages of the Cincinnatian 
series traverse the entire county in a northeasterly direction. Mt. 
Sterling, the county seat, is in this group. The Richmond beds 
are flanked on the southeast by the Silurian formations. These 
are flanked on the southeast by the Mississippian terranes. There 
are a few outcrops of the Pennsylvanian forming the crests of 
the Knobs. Therefore, the oldest rocks are in the northwestern 
part of the county, and the youngest on the crests of the Knobs 
in the southeastern part. 




CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 177 


The limestones of Montgomery County are as a rule thin 
bedded, and more or less intercalated with shale. The shale dis¬ 
integrates rapidly, and leaves in numerous cuts and exposures 
the more resistant limestones protruding from the retreating 
shale. The limestones are gray, bluish gray, and dark gray in 
color. They are fine grained and even textured. Some of them 
are well recrystallized and susceptible of good polish. These 
more highly crystallized members are well suited for decorative 
interior work. They hammer white, and the contrast is strong 
between the white hammered faces and the dark gray polished 
surface. These limestones have been used for foundations, 
trimmings, abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing, paving, rail¬ 
road ballast and macadam. 

In spite of the fact that Montgomery County has 25 quar¬ 
ries listed below, Rowan County has been a large contributor 
to the supply of stone for constructional work in this county. 
Building stone has been used in Mt. Sterling from Farmer, Free¬ 
stone and Bluestone. The base of the courthouse, the Tyler- 
Apperson block, the Baum block, and the Martin building all 
carry Rowan County freestone. This stone in large dimensions 
has been used in many of the sidewalks of Mt. Sterling. 

(1) Be Bard Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Winchester Pike, one-half mile west of Mt. Sterling. 

(2) Kelly Quarry. This quarry is on the Winchester 
Pike, 2 miles west of Mt. Sterling. 

(3) Steagall Quarry. This quarry is on the Levee Pike, 
1 mile from Mt. Sterling. 

(4) Winn Quarry. This quarry is on the Hinkston Pike, 
1 mile from Mt. Sterling. Both the gray and blue varieties are 
present. The dark gray bed receives a good polish, and is a 
good building stone. The best beds are at the bottom of the 
quarry. This quarry is now owned and operated by J. W. 
Richards. The quarry is 300 feet in length, 200 feet in depth, 
and with a working face 30 feet in height. It could be easily 
worked 10 feet deeper. The crusher at this quarry has a 100-ton 
capacity. The better stone is here worked into dimension 
blocks, and used for building purposes. 

(5) Grassy Lick Quarry. This quarry is on the Grassy 
Lick Pike, 2 y 2 miles west of Mt. Sterling. It was inactive. 




178 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(6) Thompson Quarry. This quarry is on the Maysville 
Pike, 3 miles north of Mt. Sterling. Both the gray and blue 
limestones occur at this quarry. 

(7) Clarence White Quarry. This quarry is on the Mays¬ 
ville Pike, 4 miles north of Mt. Sterling. 

(8) Peter Kelley Quarry. This quarry is on the Mays¬ 
ville Pike, 1^4 miles north of Mt. Sterling. Both the bine and 
gray varieties are present. It is a very good quarry. 

(9) Camargo Quarry. This quarry is on the Camargo 
Pike, iy L > miles from Mt. Sterling. This quarry was represented 
to have furnished considerable foundation stone. 

(10) Mitchell Quarry. This quarry is on the Winchester 
Pike, one-fourth mile west of Mt. Sterling. 

(11) Moherly Quarry. This quarry is on the Paris Pike, 
3 14 miles northwest of Mt. Sterling. 

(12) Johnson Quarry. This quarry is on the Paris Pike, 
3 miles northwest of Mt. Sterling. 

(13) W ren Quarry. This quarry is on the Van Thompson 
Pike, 7 miles northeast of Mt. Sterling. 

(14) City Quarry. This quarry is on the Spencer Pike, 
6 miles east of Mt. Sterling. The quarry is in a buff and yel¬ 
lowish sandstone. The individual beds range from 18 inches to 
3 feet in thickness. The stone is used for abutments, bridges, 
foundations, etc. The columns for the Christian Church at 
Spencer came from this quarry. 

(15) Bryson Quarry . This quarry is on the Maysville 
Pike, 7 miles north of Mt. Sterling. 

(16) James. White Quarry. This quarry is 011 the Mays¬ 
ville Pike, 4y> miles north of Mt. Sterling. 

(17) Gatewood Quarry. This quarry is on the Step Stone 
Pike, 3 miles east of Mt. Sterling. 

(18) Turley Quarry . This quarry is on the Levee Pike, 
IV 2 miles south of Mt. Sterling. 

(19) Anderson Quarry. This quarry is on the Levee 
Pike, 3 y 2 miles south of Mt. Sterling. 

(20) Tremble, Quarry . This quarry is 011 the Camargo 
Pike, 5 miles south of ]\ [t, Sterling. 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 179 


(21) Hastie Quarry. This quarry is on the Judy and 
Flat Rock Pike, 7 miles northwest of Mt. Sterling. The stone is 
very good for building purposes. 

(22) W. F. Ilenry Quarry. This quarry is on the Judy 
and Flat Rock Pike, 7% miles northwest of Mt. Sterling. It 
contains good building stone. 

(23) W. F. Henry Quarry. This quarry is on the Side 
View and Aaron River Pike, 8 miles northwest of Mt. Sterling. 
The quarry has a working face 20 feet in height. 

(24) Flanders Quarry. This quarry is on the Judy and 
Flat Rock Pike, 8Vi> miles northwest of Mt. Sterling. 

(25) Davis Reed Quarry. This quarry is on the Winches¬ 
ter Pike, 3 miles west of Mt. Sterling. 

Pilot Knob. There is an outcrop of Pottsville Conglom¬ 
erate on Pilot Knob that is worthy of more than passing mention. 
Pilot Knob is located about 9 miles south of Mt. Sterling, Mont¬ 
gomery County. A part of the Knob is in Montgomery and a 
part is in Powell County. 

It is furthermore said to be within 2 ! /2 miles of the Louis¬ 
ville & Nashville Railroad, from which a spur may be easily 
extended to the base of the Knob. The conglomerate itself 
occupies a somewhat semi-circular ridge, with an axis in a north¬ 
easterly direction. This outcrop is more than one-half mile in 
length, and would doubtless average 200 feet in width. This 
average cannot be ascertained at the surface for the crest of 
the ridge is very narrow. The study of the gravel from which 
the cement holding the pebbles together has been dissolved out 
leads to the conclusion that the loose, incoherent gravel is com¬ 
paratively shallow, and that the true conglomerate or cemented 
gravel lies buried beneath it. The depth of the gravel, or con¬ 
glomerate, is in places definitely proven to be 75 feet in thick¬ 
ness, and may be 100 feet in thickness. On the right hand side 
of the central knob is one of the best places to ascertain the 
thickness, but even here there is no proof positive that decom¬ 
position has been extended to the bottom of the conglomerate. It 
would require development work to ascertain its actual thickness. 
At present no development work has been executed upon this 
property. 



180 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


An excellent place to open np a quarry is between the 
shelf of rock at the south end of the central knob and the north 
end of the knob at whose base there is a tine spring. The amount 
of gravel that can be removed at this point without blasting is 
unknown, because no excavations have been made in the material. 
Furthermore, this point is desirable for opening a quarry because 
the overburden of compact sandstone is here reduced to a 
minimum. Therefore, there is practically no waste to be dis¬ 
charged into the large valley to the north. 

This overburden when actually encountered may be itself 
with the few pebbles that are scattered through it an excellent 
railroad ballast, or road building rock; and the author would 
suggest that when perfectly fresh and undecomposed rocks are 
quarried, that a forty-pound sample, preferably in four pieces, 
be sent to Prof. D. V. Terrell, University of Kentucky, Lexing¬ 
ton, Kentucky, for analysis as to its value in road construction. 
This value cannot be determined without a fresh rock upon 
which to make the test. 

The conglomerate itself with pebbles varying in size from 
a small pea to that of a hen’s egg is in the author’s judgment 
an ideal railroad ballast. While that may hold true of the 
gravel that has already been worked into incoherent pebbles 
by the prolonged action of the atmosphere, it does not prove 
that the fresh and unweathered portions that will be encoun¬ 
tered in the quarry work will be of equal value. Neither can the 
character of the conglomerate, that is, the ease with which the 
conglomerate will break down into pebbles, be determined until 
a quarry has been opened as suggested, and the material broken 
up ready for shipment by railroad. In blasting the material, 
difficulties will be encountered in drilling superior to those met 
with in drilling limestone, for the hardness of each quartz pebble, 
and this is practically the only pebble in the gravel, is seven in 
the scale of hardness; while the hardness of calcite crystals in 
the crystalline limestone is only three. 

The cement binding these pebbles together is largely the 
oxides and hydrous oxides of iron. There is some clayey matter 
in the cement at the surface exposures, but the amount is small. 
The conglomerate varies somewhat in the coarseness of the 
pebbles. There will be encountered from time to time in the 






CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 181 


process of work sands that are fine enough and pure enough for 
the manufacture of high grade cements; the value of such sand 
is superior to the value of the conglomerate used direct for 
railroad ballast. The tonnage of the entire product based upon 
measurements made, extends into the millions, and with an out¬ 
put of five hundred tons a day or a carload per day of fifteen 
cars for three hundred working days in the year, it would require 
more than a century to remove all of the gravel resulting from 
the decomposition of this conglomerate, and the conglomerate 
itself. Therefore, a rational conclusion is that the supply is 
practically inexhaustible. 

The author would call attention to the fact that there is in 
Brazil, South America, a conglomerate in which the pebbles 
are about the same size as the pebbles in this conglomerate; and 
the undecomposed product with an iron cement similar to the 
one in the Pilot Knob conglomerate renders the whole suscep¬ 
tible of a very beautiful polish, and therefore well suited for 
expensive grades of decorative interior building stone. The 
massiveness of this knob, together with the character of some 
samples secured where the cement is pronouncedly iron, suggests 
this possibility. 

Nelson County 

The terranes of Nelson County are Ordovician, Silurian, 
Deconian and Mississippian in age. The Ordovician system, 
Cincinnatian series, covers the entire northern part of the 
county. The Eden shales of the Cincinnatian series outcrop 
only in the extreme northeast part of the county. The remainder 
of the northern part is covered by the Maysville and Richmond 
formations. These formations are flanked on the south and west 
by the Silurian system, Niagaran series, which are in turn 
flanked in the same manner by the Devonian shales. The Mis¬ 
sissippian outcrops are limited to a very narrow belt in the south¬ 
ern part, together with a few small inliers. 

The building stones of Nelson County are mostly limestones 
and marbles. They are white or grayish white, gray, bluish 
gray and mottled. Some of them are traversed by dark zigzag 
bands. Some are well crystallized and susceptible of a polish. 






182 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


One suggests when polished a Circassian Walnut color that is 
very pleasing in its effect. The individual layers are usually 
thicker bedded than they are in the eastern counties in the Blue- 
grass region. 



60. RESIDENCE OF THOMAS S. MOORE, BARDS TOWN, KY. 

This residence at Bardstown, Nelson County, Ky,, shows the archi¬ 
tectural effect of both stone and brick in the same structure. The stone 
in part came from the ledges near the house and in part from the dis¬ 
tillery quarry. 

Most of the building stone used in Bardstown came from 
local quarries in Nelson County. The Thomas S. Moore dwelling 
came in part from stone quarried by the house and in part from 
a quarry about one-fourth mile distant. The county jail was 
erected of stone from the old quarry near the Tom Ward dis¬ 
tillery. The body of the station at Bardstown is local limestone, 
weathering gray to buff. The hotel, 116 years old, was built 
of stone from near the Tom Ward distillery. The railroad sta¬ 
tion at Nazareth, a small station on the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad, was built of local stone. It weathers buff. The stone 







CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 183 


in the Baptist Church in Bardstown came from the quarry at 
Quarry Switch in Bullitt County, 12 miles north of Bardstown. ■ 

(1) City Quarry. This quarry is within the city limits of 
Bardstown, the county seat, on the east side of the courthouse. 
The length of the quarry is 300 feet, the breadth is 100 feet, and 
the height of the working face is 12 feet. The top rock, 2 to 3 
feet, is a variegated sandstone that is used quite extensively 
in retaining walls. The remaining 9 to 10 feet is in gray lime¬ 
stone, and the solid quarry floor is in hard, dark blue limestone. 
This quarry contains good building stone. 



61. COUNTY JAIL, BARDSTOWN, KY. 

This jail at Bardstown, Nelson County, Ky., was built of limestone from 

the distillery quarry many years ago. 

(2) Jenkins Quarry. This quarry is on the Bardstown 
Pike, 3V 2 miles north of the courthouse. It is 200 feet in length, 
50 feet in breadth, and the height of the working face is 13 feet. 
It is in a very hard, bluish gray limestone. There is a crusher 
at this plant with 100-ton capacity. The product is a most 
excellent road stone. 

(3) This quaryv is also on the Bardstown Pike, a little 
further north than No. 2. The hard blue limestone beds here are 
from 18 inches to 2 feet in thickness, while the gray limestone 
beds range from 3 to 8 feet in thickness. It contains good build¬ 
ing stone, but has been inactive since 1911. 










184 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(4) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Elizabethtown 
Pike, 1 mile west of the courthouse. The quarry is 200 feet in 
length, 75 feet in breadth, and the height of the working face 
is 12 feet. There is one bed 6 feet in thickness .that is a fine 
building stone. There is a banded layer 2 feet in thickness and 
a blue layer at the bottom 5 feet in thickness. 

(5) This is a private quarry on the Elizabethtown Pike, 
7 miles west of Bardstown. There is about 5 feet of bluff sand¬ 
stone at the toj:> of the quarry, and 10 feet of white limestone 
beneath the sandstone. This quarry carries good building stone, 
especially in the thicker bedded white limestone. 

( 6 ) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Elizabethtown 
Pike, 5 miles west of the courthouse. The quarry is 75 feet in 
length, 50 feet in breadth, and the height of the working face 
is only 8 feet. All the beds are white or faintly grayish white 
in color, massive, fine grained and even textured. It is regarded 
by the author as the best building stone, the best road stone, and 
the best agricultural stone in the county. This rock was reported 
to contain over 99 per cent of calcium carbonate. 

(7) Dr. Wriglit Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Bardstown and Fairfield Pike, 8 V 2 niiles northeast of the court¬ 
house. The individual beds range from 5 to 7 feet in thickness. 
It is in the hard blue limestone, which is an excellent road stone. 

( 8 ) County Quarry. This quarry is near Woodlawn, 6 
miles east of Bardstown. The quarry is 60 feet in length, 30 
feet in breadth, and 8 feet in height of working face. The indi¬ 
vidual beds are from 1 to 2 feet in thickness, gray in color, and 
compact. It is a good building stone. 

(9) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Springfield 
Pike, 5 miles southeast of the courthouse. The quarry is 100 
feet in length, 50 feet in breadth, and with a height of working 
face 8 feet. It is in very massive blue limestone. 

(10) County Quarry. This quarry is 11 miles south of 
Bardstown, near the small station of New Haven on the Louis¬ 
ville & Nashville Railroad. This quarry is 40 feet in length, 
20 feet in breadth, and 5 feet in height of working face. The 
quarry is in the gray limestone. The floor of the quarry is 
solid limestone, and the quarry can be advantageously worked 
to a greater depth. 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 185 


(ID New Hope Quarry. This quarry is one-half mile 
north of New Hope. It is owned and operated by Thomas Mil¬ 
ler. The quarry is 50 feet in length, 30 feet in breadth, and the 
height of working face is 14 feet. It is in the gray limestone, 
with individual beds ranging from 2 to 3 feet in thickness. It 
is a good building stone. 

(12) County Quarry. This quarry is located 1 mile north 
of Deatsville. The quarry is 100 feet in length, 75 feet in 
breadth, and the height of the working face is 8 feet. It is in 
the gray limestone and is well suited for both building and 
road stone. 

(13) D. Meirfield Quarry. This quarry is 2 miles west 
of Bloomfield. ’ The top of the quarry is in the blue limestone 
and the bottom is in shale. 

(14) Ed Lewis Quarry. This quarry is 2 miles north of 
Bloomfield. The quarry is in the blue limestone. 

(15) Henry Muire , Quarry. This quarry was within the 
city limits of Bardstown. In the early history of Barclstown 
this quarry furnished much stone for buildings, foundations, 
abutments, bridges, curbing, etc. 

(16) This quarry is situated about 9 miles from Bards¬ 
town on the Bloomfield Pike. The stone is too soft and friable 
for either building or road work. The quarry should be 
abandoned. 

(17) This is a small quarry one-half mile north of Deats¬ 
ville. It is in the gray limestone. 

Nicholas County 

The terranes of Nicholas County are all in the Ordovician 
system. The Champlainian series, Lexington stage, forms a very 
narrow belt along the Licking River in the northeastern part of 
the county where the surface has been deeply intrenched by 
erosion. The Cynthiana limestone, which is also Champlainian, 
covers the southwestern part. The Cynthiana limestone is 
flanked on the northwest by the thin bedded Eden shale, Cin¬ 
cinnatian, which is in turn flanked by the Maysville limestone in 
the extreme eastern part. 

The limestones are usually thin bedded and of gray to 
bluish gray color. The Eden shales are thin bedded, as can be 




186 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


seen in the deep ent on the Maysville Branch of the Louisville & 
Nashville Railroad. The High Bridge series along the Licking 
River should furnish building stone for local use. 

Paul I). Darnall, Road Engineer of Nicholas County, has 
kindly furnished the author with the following list of quarries 
for this county: 


u 

o 


TS 

ccS 

O 


33 

o 

•rH 

H~> 

cej 

a 

ft 

o 


S3 

o 

• i-H 

H-J 

ccS 

o 

o 

03 

•rH 


V 

o> 

S3 

£ 

O 


u 

o> at 
S3 “ 

B v 

xn c3 

s ° 


CD 

S 

ft 

£ 


03* 03 03 . !D » !/l M . 'H 

O) CD CD O <D 03 03 03 O ccS 

>h>h>h £ ^ ^ 


xn xn xn xn xn xn xn xn •-+ xn 

03 a> 03 03 a; a) a) a) d ® 


S3 

o 

bao 

S3 

•pH 

X 

CD 

a 

o 


> 

xn 

a3 


a 5 
£ £ 

2 2 

a o> 
ft 

•-5 '"5 
V % U 

® ® Q) 

a £ S 
a o ej 

& j 2 


S3 

.2 CC 

-M 03 

ft ft '"CJ 
+J 3 

02 C3 ^ 


31 

O 


CD g 

2* O 
2 02 


ftl 

CD ^ 
S-i 

O to 

o & 


09 

O 

o 


■ft 

ft 

O 

V 

o3 


H PP O 


S>> 03 Ph 


S3 

S3 

O 

o 


d) i—c 

ft ft 

.Pr «w 


03 

CD 




02 


^ £ 


h> O O . O . 

t>C)OOOU02W 


S3 

O 


a 

ft 

E 


V 

o> 

ft 

0) 


CD 


ft 

v 

W 


03 03 xn xn xn xn xn 

03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 

•rH • pH *rH *rH •»—< • »—< «rH »rH »rH »rH 

s s 2 a s s s a a s 


nN 


lOTHCOTH'^^i^HTfOOt- 


33 

O 

03 

ft 03 

ftl £ 

O. -PI 

•-5 02 


. S3 

Sh £ o 

<D ftS 
ft 3 Sh 


CD 


> r*3 

3! ^ 


V 31 
q 03 


• rH H WVJ «rH 03 ^ HI 

PLHpqcqjdHtf^m 


Sh 

03 

> 

ft 

CD 


03 

f—i 

ft3 

a 

o5 

Vi 


rlfqM^ioCDNOOOiH 


03 

33 

O 

• rH 
H-> 

ft 

33 

ft 

3i 

O 

«4-H 

33 

oS 

33 


V 

03 

ft3 


xn 

03 

03 

O 

ft 

V 
33 
ft 

hfl 

33 

•pH 

2 

• rH 

33 

32 

V 

o 

'ft 

03 

xn 

ft 

03 

S3 

O 

-t-> 

03 

o 

£ 






















CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 187 


Oldham County 

The terranes of Oldham County belong to the Ordovician, 
Silurian and Devonian systems. The Maysville and Richmond 
formations of the Cincinnatian series cover the eastern, northern 
and western portions of the county. The Silurian rocks, Niag- 
aran, occupy in general the central portion. The Devonian 
appears in a somewhat limited area in the southwestern part of 
the county. 

The gray and blue limestones of the Maysville and Rich¬ 
mond formations in Oldham County are in general thin bedded 
and intercalated with shaly layers. There are some beds, how¬ 
ever, that are sufficiently massive for building stone. This holds 
especially true along the Ohio River, where the limestone is 
sufficiently recrystalized to receive a good polish. The hard and 
resistant limestone of Floyd’s Fork has been quarried and used 
for building purposes. 

The Silurian formations, Niagaran, around La Grange, have 
furnished a valuable and durable stone for local use. 

(1) La Grange Quarry. This is the quarry that has fur¬ 
nished stone for foundations, abutments, bridges, curbing, etc., 
around La Grange, the county seat of Oldham County. 

Owen County 

The terranes of Owen County are all Ordovician. The 
High Bridge and Lexington stages of the Champlainian series 
form the bluffs along the Kentucky River on the southwestern 
boundary of the county. These are overlaid by the Cynthiana 
limestone, also of the Champlainian series. The Cynthiana lime¬ 
stone also traverses the eastern part of the county. Nearly all 
of the area between the two outcrops of Cynthiana is covered by 
the Eden shales of the Cincinnatian series. This also holds true 
of the extreme eastern portion of Owen County. Around Owen- 
ton, the county seat, and northward from Owenton, the Mays¬ 
ville and Richmond beds occur. 

Good building stones may be obtained in Owen County 
along the Kentucky River, where the High Bridge and Lex¬ 
ington outcrops form the high bluffs. Also in the Cynthiana for¬ 
mations in both the eastern and western portion of the county. 




188 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(1) Owenton Quarry. This quarry is near Owenton. It 
is in the blue limestone, and has furnished stone for buildings, 
abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing, etc., for local use. 

(2) Lockport Quarry. This quarry is at Lockport on the 
Kentucky River, some 10 miles southwest of Owenton. It fur¬ 
nished the stone for the lock and dam at Lockport. 

(3) Monterey Quarry. This quarry is on the Kentucky 
River, almost directly across the river from Gest. It is reported 
to have furnished stone for the same lock and dam as No. 2. 

Pendleton County 

The terranes of Pendleton County all belong to the Ordo¬ 
vician system. The Lexington stage of the Champlainian series 
forms a narrow outcrop along the Licking River and its South 
Pork. The Cynthiana limestone, also Champlainian, traverses 
the entire county along the streams and above the Lexington 
formation. The Cincinnatian series, Eden shales, practically 
covers the remainder of the county, but the Maysville limestone 
occurs in a very small outcrop in the western part of the county. 

In general the limestones are thin bedded and intercalated 
with shaly layers. The thicker bedded, harder, more resistant 
gray, bluish gray, and dark gray beds afford some good build¬ 
ing stone. 

(1) City Quarry. This quarry is near Falmouth, the 
county seat. It. has furnished some building stone for local use. 

(2) Ivor Quarry. This quarry is situated at Ivor, a small 
station on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad in the extreme north¬ 
eastern corner of the county. It has furnished some good build¬ 
ing stone for local use. The stone has also been shipped in barges 
down the Ohio River to Newport for building purposes. The 
St. Paul’s Episcopal Church in Newport on York and Court 
Place was erected with stone from this quarry in 1872. The 
stone is still in a good state of preservation. 

(3) County Quarry. This is situated about 2y 2 miles 
south of Falmouth. It has a rock crusher and the stone is used 
for road work. 

(4) This quarry is about 5 miles south of Falmouth. The 
stone is used in road work. 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 189 


(5) This quarry is about 5 miles southwest of Falmouth. 
The stone can be used for building purpose. It is the best road 
metal in the county. 

(6) This quarry is about 2 miles east of Falmouth. The 
stone is used for macadam. 

(7) This quarry is about 3 miles northeast of Falmouth. 
The stone is used for macadam. 

(8) Trapp Brothers Quarry. According to B. B. Barton, 
County Road Engineer, there is a good quarry at Menzie Sta¬ 
tion on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 8 miles north of 
Falmouth. There are 48 acres in the quarry land. The stone is 
suited for building purposes, foundations, curbing, and road 
construction. 

Robertson County 

The terranes of Robertson County belong to the Ordovician 
system. The Champlainian series is represented by a narrow 
band of Lexington limestone on the north bank of the Licking 
River. The Cynthiana limestone covers most of the southern 
half of the county. The Eden shales of the Cincinnatian series 
cover all of the northern half. 

The limestones are generally thin bedded and intercalated 
somewhat with shaly members. The Lexington limestone along 
the Licking River and the Cynthiana limestone of the southern 
half of the county can furnish from the thicker and more resis¬ 
tant beds some good building stone for local use in both con¬ 
struction and macadam. These limestones are gray, bluish gray 
and rock gray in color. The Eden shales are too shaly and fri¬ 
able to furnish building stone. As no railroad traverses any part 
of this county only stone for local use can be expected. 

(1) County Quarry. This quarry is situated a little south 
of ML Olivet, the county seat, and has furnished stone for build¬ 
ing and macadam. 

Scott County 

The terranes of Scott County all belong to the Ordovician 
system. The Lexington limestone of the Champlainian series 
covers practically the entire southern portion. There are, how 
ever, a few outcrops of the Cynthiana in the southern half and 
a belt of Cynthiana outcrops stretches across the county a little 



190 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


north of the center in a northwesterly direction. Of the Cincin¬ 
natian series the Eden shales are confined to the northern part 
and the Maysville and Richmond are not represented within the 
county at all. 

Scott County is fortunate in possessing good building stone 
worthy of more than local use. The limestones and marbles are 
white or nearly white, grayish white, gray, bluish gray and 
dark gray in colors. The tendency of all is to weather white. In 
texture they range from fine grained to coarse grained. They 
are massive and thick bedded in most of the quarries. They 
are microcrystalline to completely recrystallized limestones 
which may be classified as marbles. Many of them are suscepti¬ 
ble of a high and beautiful polish. They are well suited for 
decorative interior work as well as for purposes of massive con¬ 
struction, foundations, abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing, 
retaining walls, railroad ballast and macadam. A very beauti¬ 
ful sample of grayish white polished marble from Georgetown, 
the county seat of Scott County, can be seen in specimen No. 46, 
museum of Kentucky Geological Survey. 

The limestones of Scott County have been used to a con¬ 
siderable extent locally for constructional purposes. The foun¬ 
dations of manv homes carry them. The trimmings also contain 

c- «/ C D 

0 

them. The base course of the chapel of Georgetown College is 
local stone. The family vault of Dr. R. T. Bryan in George¬ 
town cemcterv was erected from local stone in 1877-1878. The 
name plate on the door of the vault is polished marble from 
the Gaines quarry on Iron AVorks Pike near the southern bouncl- 

arv of the countv. 

«/ «.' 

(1) Slaughter House Quarry. This quarry is about 1 
mile southeast of Georgetown. The stone is in part gray and in 
part grayish white in color, semi-crystalline to crystalline,'' and 
receives a good polish. This holds especially true of the lower 
10 feet of stone in the quarry. The quarry is now owned by 
Mr. Hambrick. The length of the quarry is 200 feet, the breadth 
50 feet, and the height of the working face is 20 feet. There is a 
crusher at this quarry. 

(2) Spedden Smith Quarry . This quarry is within 50 
rods of the Slaughter House quarry. It is a little smaller in 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 191 


dimensions and the stone is a little darker in color. It is well 
crystallized, and susceptible of a high polish. 

(3) Albert Vaughn Quarry. This quarry is situated 
about 50 rods south of the Slaughter House quarry and is about 
equal to it in size. An analysis of this stone was reported to 
give 99.5 per cent of carbonate of lime. If the report is correct, 
this is one of the purest limestones known. An old lime kiln 
was found here, and the stone formerly was burned for lime for 
both building and agricultural purposes. 



62. CITY HALL, GEORGETOWN, KY. 

This building- at Georgetown, Scott County, Ky., was built of Rowan 

County freestone. 

(4) City Quarry. This quarry is on the north side of the 
city, three-fourths of a mile from the courthouse. It has a 
crusher with a capacity of 100 tons per day. It is a good quarry. 

(5) Fannie Sumers Quarry. This quarry is on the Lemons 
Mill Pike, 2]A miles southeast of Georgetown. It is a new 
quarry, opened in 1921, and the stone is used for road work. 

















192 THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 

(6) Cane River' Quarry. This quarry is near Cane River 
on the farm of Felix Swope, 2 1 / 4 miles southwest of Georgetown. 
It has a crusher of about a 100-ton capacity. 

(7) J. W. Osborne Quarry. This quarry is on the Dixie 
Highway, 3 miles north of Georgetown. The rock is gray in 
color, very shaly, and no stone suitable for building purposes 
can be secured here. It is also a poor road stone. 

(8) Dr. F. F. Bryan Quarry. This quarry is situated 3^2 
miles east of Georgetown. It is operated by the Frankfort and 
Cincinnati Railroad. The quarry is shaly on the top, gray and 
thicker bedded near the middle of the quarry, with the lower 
part of the quarry massive and thick bedded. It has a possible 
working face of 3,000 feet in length, and a height of 100 feet. 
It is a fine quarry. 

(9) Stamping Ground Quarry. This quarry is situated 
one-half mile west of the Stamping Ground Station on the 
Frankfort & Cincinnati Railroad, 9 miles northwest of George¬ 
town. It is in the blue limestone and used for road work. 

(10) Gaines Quarry. This quarry is on the Iron Works 
Pike, 4 miles south of Georgetown, and about 1 mile south of 
Donerail in Fayette County. It has furnished both building 
and monumental stone. It is inactive, but not exhausted. 

(11) Anderson Brown Quarry. This quarry is on the 
Frankfort Pike, 3 miles west of Georgetown. The length of the 
quarry is 150 feet, the breadth is 5 feet, and the height of the 
working face is now 20 feet. It has a rock crusher of 150 tons 
capacity. There is but little stripping to do, and water is nearby 
for the boiler. It is the best quarry in the county. 

Shelby County 

The terranes of Shelby County belong to the Ordovician 
and Silurian systems. The only Champlainian outcrop is a 
small tongue of the Cynthiana limestone in the extreme eastern 
portion of the county. Of the Cincinnatian series the Eden 
shales cover the eastern portion of the county in a rather narrow 
belt, with the Maysville and Richmond stages covering the 
remainder of the county, save for two small areas of the Silurian 
rocks. The first of these is in the extreme northwestern part 
of the county to the east of Pewee Valley in Oldham County. 





CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 193 


The second is an inlier well within the Bluegrass region to the 
southeast of Shelbyville, where the Jeptha Knobs form an 
exceedingly interesting monadnock. This monadnock can be 
seen to the southeast in traveling on the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad from Shelbyville to Christiansburg. 

The limestones as a rule are thinner bedded than thev are 

«/ 

in the heart of the Bluegrass region. They are gray or bluish 
gray in color. They are fine grained and even textured. Accord¬ 
ing to W. M. Linney, stone was quarried in this county prior to 
1880. The stone was used for bui’ding purposes, monumental 
work and road construction. 

(1) This quarry is near Shelbyville, the county seat. The 
stone lias been used for foundations, curbing, etc. 

(2) IIarrisonville Quarry. This quarry is in the extreme 
eastern portion of the county in the more massive and thicker 
bedded Cynthiana limestone. Rock was quarried here prior to 
1880. 

Spencer County 

The terranes of Spencer County are practically all Ordo¬ 
vician in age. There is, however, in the extreme western portion 
a very narrow strip of Silurian rocks. The Ordovician terranes 
all belong to the Cincinnatian series. The Eden shales cover the 
eastern half of the county, while the western half is covered by 
the Maysville and Richmond formations. 

The limestones are rather thin bedded and intercalated more 
or less with shale. They are gra}^ and bluish gray in color, and 
fine grained. Some of them are micro-crystalline. 

(1) Taylorsville Quarry. This quarry is situated a little 
to the northwest of Taylorsville, the county seat. It furnishes 
stone for building purposes in Taylorsville, as well as good stone 
for macadam. 

Trimble County 

The terranes of Trimble County belong to the Ordovician 
and Silurian systems. The Champlainian series is not repre¬ 
sented in the county. Of the Cincinnatian series, the Eden 
shales are represented by a narrow outcrop in the eastern half 
of the county. The Maysville and Richmond formations cover 
most of the remaining area. A belt of Silurian outcrop traverses 


B. S.—7 






194 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


the county from north to south through Bedford, the county 
seat, extending northward nearly to the Ohio River. The entire 
Silurian outcrop is surrounded by the Maysville and Richmond 
formations. 

The thicker and more massive limestone beds of gray and 
bluish gray color furnish local building stone, and good stone for 
road work. 

(1) One quarry was reported to exist about 4 miles south 
of Bedford which furnishes a building stone for local use. 

Washington County 

The terranes of Washington County all belong to the Ordo¬ 
vician system, save a single inlier of the Silurian system in the 
western part of the county. This inlier is entirely surrounded 
by Ordovician formations. The Champlainian series is repre¬ 
sented by a limited outcrop of the Cynthiana limestone in the 
extreme northeastern portion of the county. Of the Cincin¬ 
natian series, the Eden shales cover the northeastern half, and 
the Mavsville and Richmond formations the southwestern half. 

The limestones are of gray, bluish gray, and dark gray 
color. They are fine to medium grained, granular to micro-crys¬ 
talline, medium to thick bedded, and weather white. They have 
been quarried for many years and used for superstructures, 
foundations, abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing, railroad bal¬ 
last and macadam. 

The best illustration in the county of the value and dura¬ 
bility of this stone for building purposes is seen in the St, Rose 
Catholic Church at St. Rose, which was erected in 1854. After 
68 years exposure to the corrosive agents of the atmosphere the 
stone is in a good state of preservation. A few blocks, now some¬ 
what discolored, might have been avoided by a more judicious 
selection of the dimension stone. The white foundation and 
approach to St. Catharine Academy was built of local stone. 
The foundations of many structures and retaining walls in 
Springfield are of local stone. These are pleasing in their effect. 

(1) John Hall Quarry. This quarry is also known as 
the McElroy quarry. It is situated at the east end of Main 
Street, and within the city limits. The stone is massive, light 



CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 195 


gray in color, and was used in the foundations of the school 
building and the retaining walls around the grounds. 

(2) County Quarry. This quarry is 1% miles east of the 
courthouse on the lefthand side of the pike. The stone is used 
for macadam. 

(3) There is a quarry also on the riglithand side of the 
pike, almost directly opposite No. 2. The stone is used for 
macadam. 



63. ST. ROSE CATHOLIC CHURCH, ST. ROSE, KY. 

This church at St. Rose, Washington County, Ky., was built in 1854 

from stone quarried near the church. 

(4) Pottsville Quarry. This quarry is on the Springfield 
and Perryville Pike, 3 miles east of the courthouse. It contains 
some very good bluish gray micro-crystalline limestone. 
































196 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(5) County Quarry. A quarry was reported 12 miles east 
of the courthouse. The stone is used for macadam. The quarry 
was not visited. 

(6) Valley Ilill Quarry. This quarry is situated 5 miles 
west of the courthouse. The stone is used for macadam. 

(7) Thompson Quarry. This quarry is 7 miles north of 
the courthouse, and was said to contain very good road stone. 

(8) R. Horton Quarry. This quarry is on the Willisburg 
Pike, 2 Qo miles north of the courthouse. It is in road stone. 



64. OUTSIDE STONE CHIMNEY, SPRINGFIELD, KY. 

This cut shows the value of stone in outside chimneys so common in 

Kentucky. 

(9) St. Rose Quarry. This quarry is at St. Rose, 2V> 
miles south of Springfield. The stone for the St. Rose Catholic 
Church, erected in 1854, was quarried only a few rods beyond 
the church. It is a good building stone. 





























































































CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 197 


(10) St. Catharine Quarry. This quarry is some 3 miles 
south of Springfield. The quarry is abandoned because it is on 
the grounds of St. Catharine Academy, a female institute. The 
stone for the foundation and approach to this academy was 
quarried here. It is an excellent building stone. 

(11) Willisburg Quarry. A quarry was reported near 
Willisburg, the stone from which was used in the construction 
of the Willisburg Pike. Its location would be about 12 miles 
northeast of Springfield. 


Woodford County 

All the terranes of Woodford County belong to the Ordo¬ 
vician system. Furthermore, they are all in the Cliamplainian 
series. The High Bridge stage has all three of its members 
represented. The Camp Nelson bed extends from the southern 
boundary of the county as far north as Oregon, Mercer County. 
Here it disappears below the level of the river. The Oregon 
bed, Kentucky River Marble, disappears some 2 miles north of 
Oregon, Mercer County, while the Tyrone bed, Kentucky Mar¬ 
ble, is continuous not only to the northern limit of the county, 
but to Steele Branch, 11 miles below Frankfort in Franklin 

County. 

*/ 

Aside from these high bluffs along the Kentucky River, 
nearly all of Woodford Countv is covered bv the Lexington 
stage. The Cynthiana limestone furnishes a few isolated out¬ 
crops extending in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction 
across the county. 

The thick bedded, massive, fine grained Camp Nelson bed, 
although it must be recognized as a building stone, has neither 
the beauty nor the value of the yellowish, cream colored, often 
mottled, Oregon bed, and the compact, fine grained, white to 
light dove colored Tyrone bed. These three divisions, known 
as the High Bridge stage, can furnish an inexhaustible supply 
of most excellent building stone. The very light gray, gray, 
and bluish gray, granular to crystalline Lexington limestone 
contains beds well suited for constructional work. An illustra¬ 
tion of this type may be found in the Jesse quarry, 2 miles east 






198 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 



65. RESIDENCE OF GEORGE M. BAKER. 

This home is on the Versailles-Glens Creek Pike, Woodford County, Ky. It shows the value of Kentucky limestone 

in a private residence. 




















CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 199 


of Versailles, the county seat. This stone is light gray, very 
hard, well crystallized, and when sawed rather than split, would 
make a very satisfactory building stone. 



G6. GATEWAY TO “HEREFORD FARM.” 

This cut shows the main entrance to the E. H. Taylor, Jr., farm, Ver¬ 
sailles, Woodford County, Ky. It was built of local limestone. 

(1) Jesse Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 miles east 
of Versailles on the left side of the Versailles and Lexington 
Pike. The rock is massive, hard, thick bedded, with individual 
beds from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. It is so hard that it breaks 
up with much difficulty into proper dimensions for road work. 
It is far better suited for building purposes. It would make a 
good building stone if it were sawed into dimension blocks. 

(2) This quarry is near the intersection of the Nicholas- 
ville Pike and the Dry Ilidge Pike, 1 mile south of Versailles. 
The stone is used for macadam. 

(3) Fay wood Quarry. This quarry is at Pay wood, on the 
Frankfort and Lexington Pike, 7 miles northeast of Versailles. 
The stone is used for macadam. 

(4) Midway Quarry. This quarry is located at Midway, 
on the Versailles and Midway Pike, about 9 miles north of Ver¬ 
sailles. The stone has been used in foundations, curbing, etc., 
at Midway, and for road construction. It is a very good quarry. 

(5) This quarry is on the Harrodsburg Pike, 10 miles 
south of Versailles. The quarry is in good building stone. 









200 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


( 6 ) McCowans Ferry Quarry. This quarry is near 
McCowans Ferry, 3 miles southwest of Versailles. The stone 
is line for building purposes. 

(7) Mundy’s Landing Quarry. This quarry is near 
Mundv’s Landing, on the Kentucky River. Much stone has 
been quarried here for constructional work. It is a good build¬ 
ing stone. 

( 8 ) Oregon Quarry. This quarry is at Oregon, on the 
Kentucky River, about 8 miles south of Versailles. Stone was 
quarried here for the lock and dam No. 6 on the Kentucky River. 
The stone is fine for building purposes. 

(9) This quarry is on Shryocks Pike, about 3 miles south¬ 
west of Versailles. The quarry is in building stone. 

(10) Clifton Quarry. This quarry is on the Clifton Pike, 
6 miles west of Versailles. It is in building stone. 

( 11 ) This quarry is on the McCrackens.Mill Road, 5 miles 
northwest of Versailles. It is in building stone. 

(12) Camden Farm Quarry. This quarry is on the 
Frankfort Pike, about 3 miles northwest of Versailles. The 
stone is a road metal. 

(13) Crutcher Quarry. This quarry is on the Crutcher 
estate, 6 V 2 miles northwest of Versailles. It is a very good 
quarry for both building purposes and road work. 

(14) This quarry is on the McCrackens Mill Road, 7 miles 
northwest of Versailles. It is used as road metal. 

(15) Fuckers Station Quarry. This quarry is at Duckers 
Station, 8 miles northwest of Versailles. The stone is used for 
macadam. 

(16) This quarry is on the Leestown Pike, 12 miles north 
of Versailles. The quarry is in good building stone and fine 
road stone. 

(17) According to Frank Danforth, Topographic Surveyor 
of the United States Geological Survey, this quarry is situated 
three-fourths of a mile east of Shryocks Ferry. It is a new 
quarry in fairly thick bedded, dark gray limestone. The quarry 
has a crusher, and the stone is considered very good for road 
construction. 




CENTRAL KENTUCKY OR THE BLUEGRASS SECTION 201 


Number of 
County. 

37 . 

38 . 

39 . 

40 . 

41 . 

42 . 

43 . 

44 . 

45 . 

46 . 

47 . 

48 . 

49 . 

50 . 

51 . 

52 . 

53 . 

54 . 

55 . 

56 . 

57 . 

58 . 

59 . 

60 . 

61. 

62. 

63 .. 

64 . 

65 . 

6-6. 

67 . 

68 . 

69 ...... 

70 . 

71 . 

72 . 

73 . 

74 . 

75 . 


Name of 
County. 

Anderson . 

Bath . 

.Boone . 

.Bourbon . 

.Boyle . 

Bracken . 

Bullitt . 

.Campbell . 

.Carroll . 

Clark . 

.Fayette . 

.Fleming .. 

Franklin . 

.Gallatin . 

Garrard . 

.Grant . 

.Harrison .... 

.Henry . 

.Jefferson .... 
.Jessamine .. 

.Kenton . 

.Lincoln . 

.Madison . 

.Marion . 

.Mason . 

.Mercer . 

.Montgomery 

..Nelson . 

.Nicholas . 

.Oldham . 

.Owen . 

..Pendleton .. 
..Robertson . 

..Scott . 

..Shelby . 

..Spencer . 

..Trimble . 

..Washington 
..Woodford . 


Number of 
Quarries in 
County. 

. 1 

. 3 

. 1 

. 10 

. 10 

. 3 

. 5 

. 4 

. 1 

. 18 

. 37 

. 24 

. 9 

. 1 

. 2 

. 1 

. 10 

. 5 

. 18 

. 7 

. 3 

. 4 

. 4 

. 16 

. 35 

. 6 

. 25 

. 17 

. 10 

. 1 

. 4 

. 8 

. 1 

. 11 

. 2 

. 1 

. 1 

. 11 

. 17 


Total number of quarries 


347 




















































































CHAPTER VIII 

THE MISSISSIPPIAN OUTCROPS OF CENTRAL, 
SOUTHERN ANL) WESTERN KENTUCKY 

The Mississippian outcrops of central, southern and western 
Kentucky, as included in this chapter, embraces the Mississip¬ 
pian formations that lie beneath the Bluegrass region of north 
central Kentucky on the east and the Pennsylvanian coal meas¬ 
ures on the west. The counties of Grayson and Edmonson, which 
are about equally represented in the Mississippian and Pennsyl¬ 
vanian are included in this chapter, for they are not distinctively 
in the western coal measures. The chapter includes the counties 
that lie between the western coal measures on the north and the 
Tennessee boundary on the south. Furthermore, it includes those 
counties which lie between the western coal measures on the 
northeast and the Jackson Purchase on the southwest. Twenty- 
seven counties are listed and described in this chapter. 

The terranes described in this chapter are predominantly 
Mississippian. A little Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and 
Pennsylvanian are of necessity included with the Mississippian. 
These outcrops will be noted as they occur in the respective 
counties containing them. 

Adair County 

All the terranes of Adair County belong to the Mississippian 
system, save two small areas in the northeastern part of the 
county, which are Devonian in age. The larger of these out¬ 
crops is along the upper courses of Green River, and the smaller 
is along Casey Creek, a small tributary to Green River from 
the north. 

Nearly all of Adair County is covered by the Waverlian 
series of the Mississippian. The Mammoth Cave limestone trav¬ 
erses the southwestern part of the county in a northwesterly 
and southeasterly direction. The Chester, which is the upper¬ 
most series of the Mississippian, is not represented. 

The building stones of Adair County are all limestones. 
The Warsaw stage of the Waverlian series can furnish a lime¬ 
stone for local use in construction. In color it ranges from gray 
to bluish gray, and in texture it is medium to coarse grained. 


204 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The quarry near Columbia, the county seat, is in this formation. 
The Mammoth Cave limestone of the southwestern part of the 
county can furnish good building material. The stone is white 
to grayish white in color, and even textured. 

(1) Trabue , Quarry. This quarry is 1% miles west of 
Columbia. The color of the stone varies from blue to bluish 
gray. The thickness of the individual beds varies from 6 inches 
to 2 feet. The stone has been used for building purposes in 
Columbia, and for macadam. 

(2) According to L. 0. Taylor, Accountant of Department 
of Public Roads, Frankfort, Ky., this quarry is situated near the 
city limits of Columbia. It is massive, thick bedded, well crys¬ 
tallized, and of dark gray color. The stone is being used in 
the concrete foundations for the new Bank of Columbia and 
other buildings in Columbia. It is also used for macadam. The 
sample submitted to the author is a good building stone. 

(3) This quarry is situated 15 miles south of Columbia. 
The stone is yellowish white in color, and was used in the 
trimmings of the courthouse at Columbia. This stone caps the 
Knobs in the southern part of the county. 

Allen County 

Nearly all the terranes of Allen County belong to the 
Mississippian system. A very narrow outcrop of Silurian and 
Devonian rocks occur along the eastern boundary of the county, 
extending in a northerly and southerly direction. Where the 
Allen County line turns due east, these formations send a 
branch due east also, and then both branches extend in a south¬ 
erly direction to the Tennessee boundary. In the southern part 
of the county there is a very narrow belt of Silurian and Devo¬ 
nian rocks extending in a northwesterly direction for only a 
few miles. 

The building stones are confined to the Mississippian for¬ 
mations. The Waverlian series covers nearly all of the county. 
The Mammoth Cave limestone occurs in Allen County only as 
a narrow belt along the northwestern and western boundaries. 

The oldest building stone in the county is the Fort Payne 
formation, which covers nearly all of the southeastern half. This 
probably is Cuyahogan. The Warsaw limestones cover nearly 




CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 205 


all of the northwestern half. The St. Louis limestone, a stage 
of the Mammoth Cave series, outcrops in the northwestern and 
western portions of the county. 

The limestones are of light gray, gray, and bluish gray col¬ 
ors. They are fine to medium grained, and sufficiently thick 
bedded to furnish dimension stone. They have not, however, 
been quarried for anything more than local use. 

(1) This quarry is situated in the ravine one-half mile 
west of Scottsville, the county seat. The stone is drab in color, 
fine grained, and rather soft. It contains nodules of chert, a 
ehalcedonic variety of quartz, which injures the value of the 
stone somewhat for constructional work. The softness of the 
stone lowers its value as a road stone. It has, however, been 
used in base courses, underpinnings, culverts, bridges, abut¬ 
ments, and macadam. 

(2) This quarry is situated one mile southeast of Scotts¬ 
ville, just off the Holland Pike. The quarry is much larger 
than the one to the west of Scottsville. A considerable amount 
of stone has been removed and used largely as road metal. The 
quarry has a crusher with a capacity of 100 tons per day. A 
part of the quarry product has been used for building purposes. 
The stone is good for constructional work. Both of these quar¬ 
ries are in the Fort Payne formation. 

Barren County 

The terranes of Barren County belong to the Silurian, 
Devonian and Mississippian systems. The Silurian limestone 
occurs only as a narrow belt along Barren River in the southern 
part of the county. This Silurian limestone is overlain by a 
narrow belt of Devonian limestone, which is in turn flanked 
by a narrow belt of Chattanooga shale, which is also Devonian. 

The Mississippian system is represented by the Waverly, 
Mammoth Cave and Chester series. The Waverlian series is 
represented by the Fort Payne formation, which covers nearly 
one-half of the southeastern portion of the county, and the War¬ 
saw limestone, which covers most of the central portion. The 
Mammoth Cave series is represented by the St. Louis and St. 
Genevieve formations. The St. Louis limestone outcrops to the 
east of Glasgow and flanks the Warsaw limestone on the north. 




206 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


The main outcrops of the Gasper and St. Genevieve oolitic lime¬ 
stones lie in the northwestern portion, but the Gasper and St. 
Genevieve formations are not divided here. The Chester series 
comprises the Gasper, oolitic limestone, already mentioned, and 
the Cypress sandstone. The latter formation covers the extreme 
northwestern portion, and has 3 isolated outcrops in the north¬ 
eastern part of the county. 

The limestone members furnish the building stones for 
Barren County. The nodular, cryptocrystalline, chalcedonic 
chert in the Fort Payne formation renders it less desirable for 
building purposes than the overlying bluish gray, gray, and 
often dark gray Warsaw limestone. This limestone is semi¬ 
crystalline to complete^ recrystallized, and often suscepitable of 
a high polish. The St. Louis limestone is well crystallized and 
susceptible of a good polish. It can furnish fine dimension 
blocks. The Gasper and St. Genevieve formations are white, 
oolitic limestones that can furnish excellent building stone. 
These limestones are massive and thick bedded. Various mem¬ 
bers of the limestone formation have been used for building 
purposes in Glasgow, the county seat of Barren County. 

(1) City Quarry. This quarry is situated within the 
city limits on the northwest side of the City of Glasgow. The 
quarry opening is 200 feet in length, 100 feet in breadth, and 
50 feet in the height of the working face. The quarry has a 
crusher with a capacity of 100 tons per day. The individual 
beds vary from 1 to 8 feet in thickness. The thicker beds are of 
medium to Coarse grained texture, with perfect rift and grain. 
They vary in color from light gray, medium gray, to a chocolate 
brown or reddish color, and are well crystallized. The stone 
is susceptible of a good polish. The polished surface suggests 
some of the cedar marbles of Tennessee. A large polished sam¬ 
ple of the Glasgow marble can be seen in the museum of the 
Kentucky Geological Survey. The stone is not only well suited 
for massive construction, foundations, abutments, bridges, cul¬ 
verts, retaining walls, curbing and road work, but also for 
decorative interior work as panelling, bordering, wainscotting, 
and inlaid floors. For these latter uses it is especially desirable. 
The thicker beds from this quarry could easily be manufactured 





CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 207 


into polished marble slabs, which, would bring the larger returns 
to the city and the State. 

(2) Thomas Dickinson Quarry. This quarry is situated 
on the Jackson Pike, 2 miles north of Glasgow. The limestone 
here is compact, in part oolitic, thick bedded, of medium gray 
color, and well suited for building purposes. This quarry was 
inactive. 

(3) Harvey Quarry. This quarry is on the Jackson High¬ 
way, 3% miles north of Glasgow. The quarry opening was 
small, for it was just being opened for use on the Jackson High¬ 
way. A study of the surrounding outcrops and topography 
revealed the possibility of a very large quarry at this site. The 
stone is compact, thick bedded, rather dark gray color, well 
recrystallized, traversed by stylolites, and is a good building 
stone, as well as an excellent road stone. 

(4) This quarry is on the Jackson Highway, 9V 2 miles 
north of Glasgow. The individual beds vary from 2 to 5 feet 
in thickness. The rift and grain are perfect. The stone is of 
white to very light gray color, oolitic, and would make a very 
satisfactory building stone. Its distance from Glasgow adds to 
the expense of using the stone for constructional purposes, for 
which it is so well suited. 

(5) Matthews Quarry. This quarry is situated at Temple 
Hill, approximately 8 miles southeast of Glasgow. The stone is 
dark gray in color, massive, thick bedded, and well crystallized. 
It is a good building stone, road stone, and agricultural stone. 

(6) John Owens Quarry. This inactive quarry is situ¬ 
ated 1 % miles north of Cave City, near the Hart County line. 
This quarry, which assumes the aspect of a mining prospect, 
is in Mexican onyx. Blocks of onyx marble have been obtained 
here 5 feet in length, 2% feet in breadth, and 2 feet in thickness. 
The stone is translucent, banded with beautiful colors, and 
susceptible of a high polish. 

(7) E. Ford Quarry. This inactive quarry is situated 
three-fourths of a mile west of Cave City. The opening is in 
Mexican onyx. Blocks of onyx marble have been obtained here 
4 feet, in length, 2% feet in width, and 16 inches in thickness. 
A part of the onyx is very white and banded, and a part of it is 
a sienna yellow and partially recrystallized. 



208 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(8) Show Quarry. This quarry is one-fourth mile off the 
Mammoth Cave road, according to S. S. Garby. Blocks of 
Mexican onyx have been obtained here that were 6% feet in 
length, 4!/2 feet in width, and 2% feet in thickness, and 11,000 
pounds of the stone has been shipped to Louisville for decora¬ 
tive interior work. 

(9) According to S. S. Garby, there is a possible quarry 
in Mexican onyx on land owned by E. Ford, 2 miles southwest 
of Cave City on the Dixie Highway. Mr. Garby states that solid 
blocks of red Mexican onyx can here be secured as large as a 
railroad car. The property was not visited by the author. 

Breckinridge County 

The terranes of Breckinridge County are essentially Mis- 
sissippian. There are a few outcrops of the Pennsylvanian sys¬ 
tem in the extreme western part of tlie county. The Mississip- 
pian system is represented by the Mammoth -Cave and Chester 
series. The Mammoth Cave limestone covers only a small area 
in the northeastern part of the county. The remainder of the 
county, save for the Pennsylvanian outcrops mentioned above, 
belongs to the Chester series. 

The limestones are light gray, gray, and bluish gray in 
color, fine to medium grained, massive, and thick bedded. The 
Hardinsburg sandstone splits readily into slabs suitable for 
flagging purposes. 

(1) This quarry is situated on the Ohio River, on the 
Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis Railroad, about 1 mile east 
of Cloverport. The limestone is bluish gray and thick bedded. 
It is in the Glen Dean formation. The stone is suitable for build¬ 
ing purposes, although it is used for macadam. 

(2) Beard Brothers Quarry. According to P. M. Bashun, 
County Judge, this quarry is at Hardinsburg, the county seat, 
but it was not visited by the author. The stone has been used 
for foundation work in Hardinsburg. 

(3) S. W. Davis Quarry. This quarry is situated at Mys¬ 
tic, a small station on the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis Rail¬ 
road, about 10 miles north of Hardinsburg. The quarry is in 
the Freedonia member of the St. Genevieve oolitic limestone. It 






CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 209 


represents a building stone, and is used for railroad ballast and* 
road work. 


(4) Webster Stone Company Quarry. This quarry is at 
W ebster, a station on the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis Rail¬ 
road, some lO miles northeast of Hardinsburg. The stone is used 
for railroad ballast, road metal, and agricultural lime. It is 
the Freedonia member of the St. Genevieve limestone. 

(5) This quarry is situated about 1 mile south of Sinking 
Creek, on the Fordsville Branch of the Louisville, Henderson & 
St. Louis Railroad. The top of the quarry is in a dark gray, 
siliceous, oolitic limestone, Gasper, in which there are many 
small granules of quartz about 1 millimeter in diameter. The 
bottom of the quarry is in a siliceous limestone containing num¬ 
erous rounded pebbles of an oolitic limestone. This is also 
Gasper. The stone is used for railroad ballast and macadam. 


(6) Irvington Qudrry. A quarry was reported at Irving¬ 
ton to be in the Gasper oolitic limestone. The length of the 
quarry was said to be 150 feet, the breadth 100 feet, and the 
height 90 feet. 


Caldwell County 

The terranes of Caldwell County are mostly Mississippian 
in aye. The Pennsylvanian system forms a rather narrow out- 
crop in the northern and northeastern portions of the county. 
Of the Mississippian system the Waverlian series is wanting. 
The Mammoth Cave series covers the southwestern portion of 
the county, and the Chester series covers the central portion. 

The building stones of Caldwell County are essentially 
limestones. .These are white to grayish white in color, fine 
grained, even textured, oolitic limestones of the Freedonia for¬ 
mation. The oolites are mostly round, but some of them are 
elongated. The limestone is often traversed by narrow zigzag 
bands of darker material that gives striking contrasts on the 
polished surfaces. The stone is susceptible of a polish. The 
stone is well suited for all types of constructional work. 

Some of the Chester sandstones around Princeton have 
been used for building purposes. They are very friable when 
freshly quarried, but they are reported to harden on exposure 
to the atmosphere. At the quarries a 10-pound sample dropped 






210 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


'through 5 feet of space is crushed to an excellent glass or build¬ 
ing sand upon striking the floor of the quarry. 

(1) Katterjohn Quarry. This quarry is operated by the 
F. W. Katterjohn Construction Company, and the output largely 
used by the Illinois Central Railroad. The quarry is situated 
3 miles southeast of Princeton, the county seat, at Cedar Hill. 
The shipping point is Cedar Bluff, on the Illinois Central Rail¬ 
road. The quarry is one of the largest and best in Kentucky. 
The length of the quarry is 1,000 feet, the breadth is 300 feet, 
and the maximum height of the working face is 200 feet. The 
quarry was opened in 1902. The uper part of the quarry is in 
the Ohara limestone and the lower part in the Freedonia lime¬ 
stone. Both formations belong to the St. Genevieve stage of 
the Mammoth Cave limestone series. 



67. KATTERJOHN QUARRY, CEDAR HIEL, KY. 

The quarry of the F. W. Katterjohn Construction Company is at 
Cedar Hill, Caldwell County, Ky. Beneath the floor of the quarry there 
is 20 feet of excellent white, oolitic building stone. 


The capacity of the crusher at this plant is 1,500 tons per 
day. Five different sizes of stone are produced: No. 1 is 2!/o 
inches in diameter; No. 2 is IV 2 inches in diameter; No. 3 is 













CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 211 


1A/4 inches in diameter; No. 4 is % inch in diameter, and No. 5 
is 14 inch in diameter to dust. 

Beneath the floor of this quarry there is a 20-foot bed of 
massive, fine grained, light gray to nearly white oolitic limestone. 
This limestone, on account of its freedom from iron, its white¬ 
ness of color, its oolitic uniform texture, its perfect rift and 
grain, would make a most excellent building stone for super¬ 
structures. The opening in this bed is in the left hand corner 
of the quarry. A hand sample was collected here that is trav¬ 
ersed by a narrow vein of fluorite. 

(2) E. Boaz Quarry. This quarry is on the Princeton and 
Cadiz Pike, 3 miles south of Princeton. This quarry was opened 
several years before the Civil War. The stone was sawed, and 
used for foundations at Princeton, monumental work, and 
burned for lime. It was used in the base courses of the court¬ 
house at Princeton in 1865. It weathers well, and is oolitic. 

(3) M. V. Lamb Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Hopkinsville and Eddyville Pike, 4 miles southwest of Prince¬ 
ton. The stone was used in the construction of the pike. Both 
the white and blue limestones occur here. 

(4) W. F. Holman Quarry. This quarry is situated about 
I 14 miles northeast of Princeton and about three-fourths of a 
mile from the Illinois Central Railroad. The quarry opening is 
about 150 feet in length. This quarry is in a very friable sand¬ 
stone. The lower 30 feet of this sandstone is white or nearly 
white in color, fine to medium grained, with the individual sand 
grains rounded to subangular in shape. The upper 20 feet is 
iron stained on the surface, but yellowish white when broken. 
The most of the stone quarried here has been used in the manu¬ 
facture of mortar and cement. The stone is too friable for con¬ 
structional work. 

(5) Thomas Young Quarry. This quarry is situated 1 
mile northeast of Princeton. It is now owned by W. F. Holman. 
The stone is approximately identical with that in No. 4, and has 
been used for the same purposes. 

(6) To the north of Princeton many stone chimneys have 
been built of sandstone from small local quarries or prospects. 
The stone has also been used for abutments of bridges, and for 
culverts. Some of these northern sandstones are fine grained, 




212 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


of yellowish brown color, and weather a yellowish brown. Others 
are coarser in texture, and weather reddish brown. They belong 
to the Chester series. 

Casey County 

The terranes of Casey County belong to the Ordovician, 
Devonian and Mississippian systems. The prevailing system is 
the Mississippian. The Ordovician system, Maysville and Rich¬ 
mond outcrops, appear in the northern part of the county in 
two narrow belts, one extending east and west nearly across the 
county, the other extending somewhat southwesterly for a short 
distance from Lincoln County. The Devonian rocks flank the 
east and west Ordovician outcrop on both the north and the 
south, and the southwesterly outcrop on both the northwest and 
the southeast side, but in the latter case the Devonian terranes 
extend in a southwesterly direction across the entire county. 
The most of Casey County is covered by the Waverlian series 
of the Mississippian system. The Mammoth Cave limestone 
forms a rather narrow outcrop in the southern part of the county, 
and the Chester series is not represented. 

Manv of the limestones of the Waverlian series are of grav, 
bluish gray and dark gray color, certain beds of which could 
furnish good building stone. The white to grayish white Mam¬ 
moth Cave limestone should furnish a good building stone for 
local use in this county. Liberty is the county seat of Casey 
Coiuitv. This county was not visited. 

Christian County 

The terranes of Christian County belong to the Mississip¬ 
pian and Pennsylvanian systems. The Pennsylvanian system 
is represented only in the extreme northern part of the county. 
All of Christian County south of Hopkinsville, the county seat, 
is occupied by the Mammoth Cave series of the Mississippian 
system. The rocks are therefore relatively pure limestone. The 
Chester series of the Mississippian system Hank the Mammoth 
Cave limestone on the north, and the Pennsylvanian formations 
on the south. 

The best building stones of Christian County are found in 
the white or grayish white Mammoth Cave limestone. This is 





CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 213 


thick bedded and weathers white. Hopkinsville is located on the 
Ste. Genevieve limestone, which is easilv recognized by the above 
named characteristics. The Gasper oolite of the Chester series 
can furnish excellent building stone. In some sections of Chris¬ 
tian County the Gasper oolite is very thick bedded and more 
compact than it is at the Green River quarries in Warren County. 
The oolitic limestones have been used in constructional work 
around Hopkinsville. 



68. COOKS STONE COMPANY QUARRY. 

This quarry is near Hopkinsville, Christian County, Ky. The cut 
shows much broken stone and the thickness of the individual beds. 


(1) Cooks Stone Company Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated just outside the city limits of Hopkinsville. It is about 
500 feet in length, 100 feet in breadth, and the height of the 
working face is approximately 40 feet. It has a rock crusher 
with a capacity of 150 tons per day. 

Most of the stone in this quarry is a white to grayish white 
oolite. The oolites are mostly round, but a few of them are 
elongated. It is remarkably free from iron and weathers white. 
It is fine grained, semi-crystallized, thick bedded, and traversed 
by a few very narrow zigzag bands of a darker hue. The 
thicker beds reach a maximum of 10 feet. This stone is suscep¬ 
tible of a polish, and is a building stone of high grade. It works 












214 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 



69. A ROCK CRUSHER, HOPKINSVILLE, KY. 

This cut shows the rock crusher oif the Cook Stone Company, Hopkins¬ 
ville, Christian County, Ky. 

easily and breaks with a conchoidal fracture In the lower part 
of the quarry there is a drab to dark gray limestone bearing 
a few hint nodules. 



70. CITY BANK AND TRUST COMPANY. 

This structure is at Hopkinsville, Christian County, Ky. The front 
of the bank contains Bowling - Green white oolitic limestone. 





















CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 215 


(2) Hopkinsville Stone Company Quarry. The output 
of this quarry is utilized by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 
It contains good building stone. 

(3) Planters Hardware Company Quarry. The output of 
this quarry is utilized by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 
It contains good building stone. 

(4) W. S. Davidson Quarry. This quarry is situated a 
little ways off the Louisville & Nashville Railroad and is operated 
by the City of Hopkinsville. The stone is excellent for building 
purposes. 



71. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, HOPKINSVILLE, KY. 

This church was built of Bowling- Green white oolitic limestone. 


Crittenden County 

Most of the terranes of Crittenden County belong to the 
Mississippian system. The Pennsylvanian system is represented 
in outcrops stretching across the entire northeastern portion 
of the county. They extend in a southwesterly direction along 
the southeasterly boundary for a considerable distance. There 
are several oval-shaped inliers of the Pennsylvanian system 
well within the Mississippian terranes. Of the Mississippian 
system, the Warsaw series is wanting. The Mammoth Cave 















216 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


limestone series is represented in the southern part of the county. 
The Chester series occupies a larger area than the Mammoth 
Cave limestone series and the Pennsylvanian system combined. 

The Mammoth Cave limestone series is represented by the 
white oolitic Freedonia limestone/ which is an excellent building 
stone, the calcareous Rosiclare sandstone and the Ohara lime¬ 
stone. According to Charles Butts, the Bethel sandstone of -the 
Chester series is especially well developed 3% miles west of 
Marion, the county seat of Crittenden County. The Gasper 
oolite has been identified in Crittenden County only in the 
eastern part, about 2 miles south of Craneyville. 

Local limestones have been used around Marion for under¬ 
pinning and curbing, but no quarries in them were located by 
the author. 

(1) Lemuel, Clark Quarry. This quarry is about three- 
fourths of a mile east of the courthouse on the farm owned by 
Lemuel Clark and his son. The quarry is in a sandstone, which 
is pure white or yellowish white in color, and very friable. The 
product has been shipped to Evansville, Indiana, for manufac¬ 
ture of glass. It has been used in the manufacture of brick for 
consumption around Marion, and as a building sand. Ii is too 
friable for dimension blocks. 

(2) Dr. 0. C. Cook Quarry. This small quarry is about 
20 rods north of the Second Baptist Church of Marion. The 
stone has been used for base courses, curbing, paving and flag¬ 
ging. It is not a good stone for dimension blocks. 

Cumberland County 

According to the State Geologic Map, the terranes of Cum¬ 
berland County belong to the Ordovician, Devonian and Missis¬ 
sippi systems. A belt of Ordovician strata, Maysville and 
Richmond, stretches across the entire county in a northeasterly 
direction where erosion has been carried to the lower levels by 
the Cumberland River and its tributaries. The Ordovician ter¬ 
ranes are flanked upon either side by the Devonian. The Mis¬ 
sissippi rocks, therefore, cover the northwestern and south¬ 
eastern portions of the county. The northwestern portion is 
covered by the Waverlian series and the southeastern by the 
Mammoth Cave series. 




CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 217 


The building stones of Cumberland County are bluish gray 
and blue limestones. The hard, thick bedded layers along the 
Cumberland River should furnish building stone for local use 
around Burkesville, the county seat. A quarry was reported to 
furnish stone for foundation work in Burkesville, but it was not 
visited. 

Edmonson County 

The terranes of Edmonson County belong to the Mississip- 
pian and Pennsylvanian systems. The former covers the south¬ 
ern half of the county, the latter occupies the northern half, with 
the exception of two narrow belts o£ Mississippian outcrops in 
the Pennsylvanian system. The Mammoth Cave limestone series 



72. BEAUTIFUL FORMATIONS IN COLOSSAL CAVERN. 

Colossal Cavern is in Edmonson County, Ky. Photo by the Louisville 

and Nashville Railroad. 


covers the more southern portions of the county. The Chester 
series occupy the belt between the Mammoth Cave series on the 
south and the Pennsylvanian system on the north. The two 









218 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


narrow belts of Mississippian outcrops in the Pennsylvanian area 
belong to the Chester series. 

The limestones of Edmonson County are white, light gray, 
gray, and dark gray in color. They are medium grained and 
coarse grained. They are mostly oolitic. Some of them are very 
compact, with vitreous luster, and break with a conchoidal frac¬ 
ture. They are thick bedded and can produce good building 
stone. 



73. COLONNADE OF MEXICAN ONYX. 

This colonnade is in Great Onyx Cave, Edmonson County, Ky. Photo 

by L. P. Edwards. 


The Freedonia oolitic limestone is noted for its abundant 
sink holes and caves which have given rise to a ‘‘karst” country 
pitted with sinks, with drainage largely underground. Mam¬ 
moth Cave, Great Onyx Cave, Colossal Cave, Crystal Cave, 
White Cave, and numerous smaller caves in Edmonson County, 
are in this formation. These caves contain an appreciable 
amount of Mexican onyx or onyx marble, in the form of stalac¬ 
tites, stalagmites, columns, pilasters, and grotesque images. Onyx 
marble is noted for its translucency, delicacy of colors, fineness 
of grain, and compactness. Its variations in color and texture, 






CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 219 


to which its ornamental character is largely due, are commonly 
produced by impurities or inclusions, such as oxides of iron, or 
even mud and clay. In chemical composition, they are usually 
calcite, CaC0 3 , and rarely the orthorhombic form of calcium 
carbonate known as aragonite. Waters charged with calcium 
carbonate enter these caves and by relief of pressure and evap¬ 
oration the calcium carbonate is thrown out of solution. This 
Mexican onvx is the onyx of Pliny and Horace, and must not 
be confused with the onyx of Theophrastus, which was a crypto- 
crysalline, or flint-like, variety of quartz, Si0 2 , which is de¬ 
posited from solution in layers of different colors, as white and 
black, white and brown, white and red. The alternating layers 
are in even planes, and the banding straight, rather than in 
irregular lines as in the agates. 

In the author’s judgment, the cave region of Edmonson 
County should be made a National Park. Outside the immediate 
vicinity of the caves, there should be discovered beds of Mexican 
onvx, or onvx marble, that would be of considerable commercial 
value. Onyx marble is susceptible of a high polish and highly 
prized for decorative interior work. 

(I) One quarry was reported near Brownsville, the county 
seat, which has furnished a small amount of stone for local foun¬ 
dation work. The quarry is reported to be in oolitic limestone. 

Grayson County 

The terrancs of Grayson County belong to the Mississippian 
and Pennsylvanian systems. The Mississippian system occupies 
the northern and eastern part of the county, and the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system the southern and western part. In this county 
the Warsaw and Mammoth Cave series of the Mississippian sys¬ 
tem are entirely wanting, and therefore only the Chester series 
appears as outcrops. These are limestones and sandstones. 

The limestones are white, gray, and bluish gray in color, 
and weather white. They are fine to medium grained, and some 
of them are thick bedded. The sandstones are yellowish white 
to white, medium grained, and weather a yellowish white to a 
yellowish brown. Both the limestones and the sandstones have 
been quarried and used for foundations, abutments, bridges, 
curbing, and retaining walls around Leitchfield, the county seat. 





220 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(1) W. J. Cunningham Quarry. This quarry is situated 
one-half mile southeast of Leitchfield. The quarry is 250 feet in 
length, 50 feet in depth, with a height of working face of 15 
feet. The quarry is in a hard, bluish gray, tough limestone, that 
breaks with an angular fracture. The product is used by the 
county in road building, and is considered a very good road 
stone. 

(2) Polly Givens Quarry. This quarry is one-fourth mile 
southwest of the courthouse. The rock is limestone. 

(3) Berry Quarry. This quarry is one-fourth mile north¬ 
east of the courthouse. The quarry is in limestone. 

(4) R. L. Morman Quarry. This quarry is l l /> miles west 
of Leitchfield. The quarry is in limestone. 

(5) W. O. Jones Quarry. This quarry is 1 mile north¬ 
west of the courthouse. The quarry is in sandstone. 

(6) L. Deeper Quarry. This quarry is one-fourth mile 
southeast of the courthouse. The quarry is in sandstone. The 
stone for the base of the courthouse at Leitchfield came from 
this quarry. 

(I) George Meredith Quarry. This quarry is 1 mile east 
of the courthouse. The quarry is in limestone. 

(8) Lite Quarry. This quarry is on the Elizabethtown 
Pike, 2 miles east of the courthouse. The quarry is in limestone. 

(9) Hardin Porter Quarry. This quarry is at Yeaman, 
18 miles west of the courthouse. The quarry is in limestone. 

(10) John White Quarry. This quarry is 2 miles north of 
the courthouse. The quarry is in limestone. 

(II) Charles 8 tens on Prospect. On the farm of Charles 
Stenson, 1 mile northwest of the courthouse, there is a bed of 
very white, fine grained, oolitic limestone that would make a 
most excellent building stone. 

(12) James Cook Prospect. On the farm of James Cook 
at Meredith, 5 miles south of Leitchfield, there is a sandstone 
that is even bedded, and works easily into small dimension 
blocks, but it is better suited for the manufacture of hone 
stones. 

(13) Illinois Central Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 
miles north of Grayson Springs, near the Illinois Central Rail- 




CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 221 


road. The individual beds of gray limestone are 4 feet in thick¬ 
ness. The quarry is considered very good for building purposes 
and railroad ballast. 


Green County 

All the terranes of Green County belong to the Mississip- 
pian system. Most of the county is traversed by the Waverlian 
series. The Mammoth Cave limestone series stretches across the 
countv from north to south in a rather narrow belt near the 

e. 

center of the countv. 

The possible building stones are limestones of light gray, 
gray, bluish gray and dark gray color. Good building stone 
should be found in the Mammoth Cave limestone series. 

(1) This quarry was reported to be in the Mammoth Cave 
series near Greensburg, the county seat, and to furnish building 
stone for local use around Greensburg. 

Hardin County 

All the terranesuof Hardin County belong to the Mississip- 
pian system, save for a narrow belt of Devonian shale in the 
extreme eastern part of the county. The Waverlian series in 
a very narrow outcrop flanks the Devonian terranes on the west. 
The Mammoth Cave limestone series covers nearly all of the 
remaining area. The Chester series occupies a small area in 

the southeastern part of the county. 

The building stones are therefore essentially limestones. 
They are of white, light gray, gray and bluish gray colors. 
Some of them are fine grained, some are medium grained, others 
are coarse grained and oolitic. Usually they are thick bedded, 
and weather white. 

(1) McMurtry Quarry. This quarry is situated just out¬ 
side the city limits of Elizabethtown, the county seat, on the 
east side of the city. The quarry is in thick bedded limestone. 
It represents a good building stone and a good road stone. 

(2) Government (huirry. This quarry is on the Dixie 
Highway, 4 miles south of West Point. The quarry is 100 feet 
in length, 40 feet in breadth, with height of working face 40 
feet. The individual beds are from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. It 
is an excellent building stone and a good road sWe. 



222 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(3) West Point Quarry. This quarry is at West Point on 
the Illinois Central and Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis Rail¬ 
roads. The stone lias been used largely in railroad construction, 
hut the quarry is now inactive because the stone is regarded as 
too soft for road construction. The quarry has a working face 
of 100 feet. 



74. SILMAN QUARRY, STEPHENSBURG, KY. 

This quarry is near Stephensburg-, Hardin County, Ky. The cut shows 

the thickness of the individual beds. 


(4) Silrnan Stone Quarry. This quarry is on the Illinois 
Central Railroad at J. <51, 1 mile south of Stephensburg. The 
length of the quarry is 1,350 feet, the breadth is 400 feet, and 
the height of the working face is 62 feet. A section in this 
quarry gave the following thicknesses: 

10 feet bluish gray crystalline limestone, top. 

3 feet grayish white marble, well crvstallized. 

12 feet gray limestone. 

14 feet bluish gray hard limestone. 

5 feet magnesian limestone. 

8 feet white to buff limestone. 

The 14 foot bed of hard, bluish gray limestone is called by 
the quarrymen “Bell metal rock” because it rings under the 
hammer. It is very massive and breaks with a conchoidal frac¬ 
ture. It is regarded as the best road stone in the quarry. The 
quarry was opened in 1912 and has been in continuous opera- 






CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 223 


tion ever since. It carries a crusher with a 450-ton daily capac¬ 
ity. The stone is used by the Illinois Central Railroad for abut¬ 
ments, bridges, and ballast, and by Hardin County and Camp 
Knox in the construction of permanent roads. 

(5) J. C. Hix Quarry. This quarry is situated 1 mile 
west of Stephensburg, with roadbed and right of way owned 
by the Illinois Central Railroad. The stone is very good for 
building purposes. 

(6) Brown-Goodin Company Quarry. This quarry is at 
Upton, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, in the extreme 
southern part of the county. It is a very large quarry, and the 
product is used by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 

Hart County 

The terranes of Hart County belong to the Mississippian 
and Pennsylvanian systems. The outcrops of the Pennsylvanian 
system are limited to a small area in the western part, and a 
narrow tongue of shallow deposits that extend in a northeasterly 
direction across the county. The Mississippian system is repre¬ 
sented by the Mammoth Cave limestone series, which covers the 
greater part of the county, and the Chester series, which outcrops 
in the western part. 

The building stones of Hart County are chiefly the coarsely 
oolitic, thick bedded, Freedonia limestone, and the oolitic Gas¬ 
per limestone. According to Charles Butts, the numerous bluffs 
visible from the Louisville & Nashville Railroad between Rus¬ 
sellville and Elizabethtown are in the Gasper oolite. 

(1) Munfordville Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
east side of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 4 miles north of 
Munfordville, the county seat. The quarry is 150 feet in length, 
100 feet in breadth, and the height of the working face is 90 
feet. The upper 10 feet of the quarry is in a yellowish white, 
much decomposed limestone. The remainder of the quarry is in 
the white, oolitic, Gasper limestone. It is rather soft, works 
easily, and is an excellent building stone. It is largely used in 
road construction. 

(2) Hammonville Quarry. This quarry is in road stone 
near the boundary between Hart and Larue Counties, northeast 
of Hammonville. 





224 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(3) Pilot Knob Quarry. This quarry is situated 20 miles 
due east of Horse Cave. The quarry is in Mexican onyx or onyx 
marble. About 25 years ago 2,000 pounds of this onyx was 



75. STALACTITES OF MEXICAN ONYX. 

These stalactites are in Mammoth Onyx Cave, near Horse Cave, Hart 
County, Ky. Photo by Dr. Harry Thomas. 

shipped for decorative interior work, and pronounced very good. 
A second order was placed, filled, but never paid for. This act 
led to the discouragement of the company, and the quarry was 






CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 225 


abandoned. Reliable parties familiar with Pilot Knob report 
much Mexican onyx in the area. The samples seen by the 
writer are exceedingly fine grained, beautifully banded, trans¬ 
lucent and susceptible of a high polish. With modern auto-truck 
methods of haulage this quarry should be reopened. 

(4) Dan Carpenter Prospect. This possibility of a Mexi¬ 
can onyx quarry is situated just outside the corporate limits 
of Horse Cave and about 10 rods to the right of the Dixie High¬ 
way on the road to the Mammoth Onyx Cave which might well 
be called Mexican Onyx Cave. 

(5) Barren River Prospect. According to C. L. Jewell of 
Horse Cave there are large deposits of Mexican onyx about 20 
miles from Horse Cave along Barren River. Some of these 
outcrops are from 20 to 30 feet in height, and beautifully 
banded. The beds are said to be thick and lie in a horizontal 
position. This suggests spring deposits. 

(6) Horse Cave , Prospect. According to W. C. Gibson, 
Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, Horse Cave, the largest 
deposits of Mexican onyx in Kentucky are along the lines of 
Hart, Barren and Edmonson Counties, with the best deposits in 
Hart County, about 3 miles southwest of Horse Cave. A 50-acre 
tract of land in the last named section was sold to an eastern 
company in 1917 or 1918 for more than $70,000.00, and the deed 
recorded in Hart County. The war interfered with develop¬ 
ments at that time, but it is understood that active quarry opera¬ 
tions are to begin within a few months. 

Larue County 

The terranes of Larue County belong to the Devonian and 
the Mississippian systems. The Devonian shales occupy only 
a narrow belt in the extreme eastern portion. The Mississippian 
formations contain a very narrow belt of Waverlian rocks flank¬ 
ing the Devonian on the west. Nearly all of the county is cov¬ 
ered by the Mammoth Cave limestone series. The Chester series 
is not represented. 

The building stones of Larue County are therefore lime¬ 
stones. They are white, grayish white, gray and bluish gray in 
color, fine to medium grained, and thick bedded. 


B. S.—8 




226 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(1) Tonieville Quarry. This quarry is situated at Tonie- 
ville, 6 miles northwest of Hodgenville, the county seat. It can 
furnish good building stone. 

(2) Walter Lane Quarry. This quarry is at Buffalo, 

5bo miles southeast of Hodgenville. The stone is heavy and 
even bedded. There are several good quarry sites at Buffalo, 
and all could produce building stone as well as road metal. 

(3) Nolin Quarry. This quarry is near Nolin, and near 
the intersection of North Fork and South Fork of Nolin River. 
There is much good stone here for local use. 

Livingston County 

The terranes of Livingston County belong to the Mississip- 
pian and Pennsylvanian systems. The former covers the entire 
county, save a few isolated outcrops of the latter. The Waver- 
lian series of the Mississippian system is wanting. The Mam¬ 
moth Cave limestone series is represented only in the extreme 
eastern part. The prevailing outcrops are members of the Ches¬ 
ter series. The building stones are in the Chester formations. 

The constructional rocks of Livingston County comprise 
both limestones and sandstones or quartzites. The limestones 
are fine grained, gray in color, and thick bedded. The quartzose 
terrane is medium grained, white in color, and thick bedded. 

(1) Barrett Company Quarry. According to J. T. Madi¬ 
son, General Inspector of New Roads, Frankfort, Ky., there is a 
good sized quarry in the gray limestone formations 4 V 2 miles 
northeast of Smithland, the county seat of Livingston County. 
It is furthermore on the north side of the Cumberland River. 
The quarry product is a good building stone, and is largely 
sold to the United States Government for the construction of 
locks and dams. 

(2) Quarry Prospect. This prospect is located 3 miles 
south of Smithland. The prospect has a good working face of 
from 20 to 30 feet. The rock is practically pure white to a 
faintly yellowish white, medium grained quartz sand recemented 
by pure quartz, and therefore a quartzite. It is the hardest and 
most resistant rock known in the State. The original sandstone 
may have been converted into a quartzite along fault lines 
through the influence of rock movements due to faulting. The 




CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 227 


area is extensive, and well worthy of careful investigation for 
both building stone and road metal. 

The following letter is from Mr. F. H. Hillyard, Resident 
Engineer of Smithland, Ky., to Mr. J. T. Madison, General 
Inspector, Frankfort, Ky.: 

. . . the Oscar F. Barrett new quarry is just being opened up and 

at present has a face of about fifteen feet by two thousand. This face 
is from twenty to seventy-five feet from the face of the main cliff 
which when worked back will average one hundred feet high. The 
present face is covered with a talus slope overburden of from three 
to five feet. The stone in the new quarry is practically all the same 
as the sample. No equipment is used at present but churn and steam 
drills, blasting apparatus, a loading derrick, and tugs and barges for 
transportation. All of the present output is used by the government 
and other river improvement agencies. The stone is broken by hand 
into ten-pound chunks and larger, and is used for rip rap, slope paving, 
and jetty construction. It is the plan of the management as soon as 
the new quarry is worked back far enough to give room to install 
a large crushing plant for both road and agricultural purposes. The 
only means of transportation at present is by river, but a road could 
be opened to the Salem road about a mile distant, or loaded by cable 
cars across the river a short distance from the Smithland-Vicksburg 
road. 

The old quarry which is not being worked at present is located 
one-half mile nearer Smithland or north of the new. This face is 
about two thousand feet long, but only about twenty feet high. It has 
about the same thickness of ledges, that is, from three to eight feet, 
as the new quarry. The major portion of this stone is of the same 
character as the sample, however one end of the face is of whiter 
softer material. This quarry cannot be worked in extreme high water. 
Some of this material has been crushed at various times by private 
concerns for agricultural purposes. No road material has ever been 
used from either of these quarries. 

(3) Nunn Quarry. This quarry is situated near Nunn 
Station. The quarry is in limestone and the product used for 
abutments, bridges, culverts, etc. 


Logan County 

The terranes of Logan County belong to the Mississippian 
and Pennsylvanian systems. The Pennsylvanian outcrops, how¬ 
ever, are confined to a small area in the extreme northwestern 
part of the county. The Waverlian series of the Mississippian 






228 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


is wanting. The Mammoth Cave limestone series covers the 
entire southern portion, and the Chester series the northern por¬ 
tion, save the northwestern corner of the county, which as men¬ 
tioned above, is Pennsylvanian. 

The building stones are limestones. These are white, gray¬ 
ish, gray and bluish gray in color. They are fine to medium 
grained, even textured, and thick bedded. Some of them are 
pronouncedly oolitic, and excellent building stones. 

(1) W. J. Sparks Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
Morgantown Pike, 1*4 miles northeast of Russellville, the county 
seat. In this quarrv there is 30 feet of white, oolitic, thick 
bedded, crystalline limestone. Its fine grain, even texture, uni¬ 
form color, perfect rift and grain, and susceptibility of a polish, 
make this rock an excellent building stone. There is also 20 
feet of very compact, drab colored limestone that could be used 
for building purposes. The product, however, is largely used 
for railroad ballast and macadam. The quarry is 500 feet in 
length, 400 feet in breadth, and with height of working face 
50 feet. 

(2) Trapp Quarry. This quarry is on the Greenville Pike, 
2 miles northwest of Russellville. The quarry is 500 feet in 
length, 200 feet in depth, with 20 feet of rock exposed above 
the water level. The depth of the water was reported to be over 
30 feet. The water could easily be pumped out and the quarry 
reworked. There is much good building stone here. When the 
quarry was active the product was largely shipped to Owens¬ 
boro for constructional work. 

(3) Burger Quarry. This quarry is on the Hopkinsville 
Pike, VA miles west of Russellville. The quarry face is 200 feet 
in length, the breadth is 50 feet, and the height of the working 
face is 20 feet. The individual beds are from 4 to 6 feet in thick¬ 
ness, very compact, and of bluish gray color, weathering a gray¬ 
ish white. This quarry furnished the foundation stone for the 
various buildings of Bethel College at Russellville. The mauso¬ 
leum in the Russellville cemetery came from the white, crys¬ 
talline bed just west of the Burger quarry. It was built by 
Burger and Grinter 42 years ago, and shows well the value of 
this stone in constructional work. 




CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 229 


(4) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Nashville Pike, 
1 mile south of Russellville. The output is used by the town and 
county in the construction of streets and permanent roads. 

(5) This quarry is situated, a little to the northeast of 
No. 4. The stone is used for foundations, abutments, bridges, 
culverts, and curbing. 

(6) This quarry is situated on the Greenville Pike, 3 
miles north of Russellville. It furnished the stone steps for the 
Administration Building of Bethel College. It is now inactive. 

Lyon County 

The terranes of Lyon County belong to the Mississippian 
and Cretaceous systems. The Cretaceous deposits are confined 
to a small area in the southwestern part of the county, between 
the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. The Waverlian and 
Chester series of the Mississippian system arc wanting. The pre¬ 
vailing rocks therefore belong to the Mammoth Cave limestone 
series. 

The building stones of Lyon County are limestones. They 
are of medium gray to dark gray color and weather a slightly 
grayish white. They are medium grained to coarse grained, 
oolitic, thick bedded limestones. The oolitic texture is far more 
pronounced on the polished surface than it is in either hand 
samples or the quarry face. It is semi-crystallized, and the 
coarse aggregations of the calcite as seen on the polished face 
suggest a conglomerate. Some layers are traversed by zigzag 
bands of darker material. The largest structure known to have 
been built of this stone is the State Penitentiary at Ecldyville. 
This structure illustrates well the value of this product as a 
building stone. The stone has been used largely in Ecldyville 
for foundations, retaining walls, and curbing. 

(1) Gen. II. B. Lyon Quarry. This quarry is situated 
2V 2 miles southeast of Ecldyville, the county seat of Lyon 
County. The quarry product is a very hard, medium gray, 
medium to coarse grained, semi-crystalline, oolitic limestone. The 
quarry is some 300 feet in length, 60 feet in breadth, and with 
height of working face of 25 feet. It is from this quarry that 
the stone was obtained for the construction of the Administra- 






230 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


tion Building and cell houses Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of the State Peni¬ 
tentiary at Eddyville, 1882-1885. The stone, now grayish white 
in color, is very pleasing in its architectural effect. Cell house 
No. 4 was built of Bowling Green stone in 1904. 



76. SOLDIERS MONUMENT, RUSSELLVILLE, KY. 

This monument is at Russellville, Logan County, Ky. It was built of 
white crystalline and oolitic limestone. 


(2) W. II. Long Quarry. This quarry is 1% miles north¬ 
east of the courthouse. It is a very massive, dark gray, semi- 
crystalline limestone that weathers a very light gray. This 
stone was used in the high walls around the Penitentiary. These 
walls enclose 10 acres. 

(3) County Quarry. This quarry is 1 mile southeast of 
Eddyville. Crushed stone was obtained here for road work. 
The quarry is now inactive. 

(4) II. B. Lyon Quarry. This quarry is 3 miles south¬ 
east of the courthouse. The stone was burned for lime for con¬ 
structional and agricultural purposes. 

(5) Coffer Dam Quarry. This quarry is situated within 
the corporate limits, and the stone is being used in the construc¬ 
tion of the coffer dam. 







CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 231 


(6) Big Spring Quarry. This quarry is in the east end of 
Eddyville. The stone was used in the construction of some parts 
of the Penitentiary. 

(7) Cliff Quarry. This quarry is one-half mile north of 
the courthouse. The stone is used for foundations, abutments, 
bridges, culverts, curbing and chimnevs at Eddyville. 

(8) C. W. Emery Quarry. This quarry, which is now 
inactive, is situated 1% miles west of Grand Rivers in a thick 
bedded limestone that weathers white. The stone from this 
quarry was used in the two large iron furnaces at Grand Rivers. 
It makes a very good building stone. 

Meade County 

The terranes of Meade County all belong to the Mississip- 
pian system. The Mississippian system is represented by a small 
outcrop of the Waverlian series alnog the Ohio River in the 
northeastern corner of the county. The Mammoth Cave lime¬ 
stone series covers about four-fifths of the area within the county. 
The Chester series outcrops in the northern and northwestern 
part, and occurs also as small isolated patches in the southern 
part. 

So far as known to the author, all the quarries in Meade 
County are in the limestone members of the different series. The 
limestones vary widely in texture from the fine grained litho¬ 
graphic limestone to the coarsely crystalline St. Louis lime¬ 
stone. In color they are drab, light gray and dark gray. 

(1) Lithographic Limestone Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated about one-half mile north of Brandenburg, the county 
seat. As the name implies, the quarry is in the lithographic 
limestoiqe. The product is largely used in the preservation of 
stock patterns, for it lends itself readily to delicate carving. 
The stone is highly argillaceous. In cases of extreme weather¬ 
ing, it yields a clay product. The stone is not equal to the 
famous lithographic limestone of Solenhofen, Bavaria, yet it is 
in good demand and commands high prices. 

(2) Portland Cement Plant Quarry. The large Portland 
Cement Plant at Kosmosdale secures its limestone from a large 
quarry about 8 miles southeast of Brandenburg, near the Ohio 
River. 






232 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(3) Local Quarry. According to J. Morgan Richardson, 
attorney at law, Brandenburg, the stone fence around the court¬ 
house came from a local quarry. The stone becomes laminated 
upon long continued exposure to the atmosphere. The stone has 
also been used for foundations and curbing. 

Metcalfe County 

All the tcrranes of Metcalfe County belong to the Mississip- 
pian system. Nearly all the area is covered by the Waverlian 
series. The Mammoth Cave limestone series covers the north¬ 
western portion tff the county. The Chester series is wanting. 
The Waverlian and Mammoth Cave formations should furnish 
building stone for local use. One quarry was reported to exist 
near Edmonton, the county seat, which has furnished stone for 
foundations and curbing at Edmonton. This countv is not 
penetrated by the railroads, and was not visited by the author. 

Monroe County 

The terranes of Monroe County belong to the Ordovician, 
Devonian and Mississippian systems. The Ordovician outcrops 
are in the southeastern part of the county, along the Cumber¬ 
land River. They belong to the Maysville and Richmond forma¬ 
tions. These should contain beds of limestone sufficiently thick 
and crystalline for building purposes. The Devonian shales 
flank the Ordovician outcrops on both sides. The remainder of 
the county is covered by the Waverlian series of the Mississip¬ 
pian system. 

(1) One quarry was reported in the Waverlian series near 
Tompkinsville, the county seat. The product is used for founda¬ 
tions and curbing in Tompkinsville. 

Russell County 

The terranes of Russell County belong to the Ordovician}, 
Devonian and Mississippian systems. The Ordovician terranes 
are confined to the southern part of the county, where the Cum¬ 
berland River has carried erosion to the lower levels. The out¬ 
crops belong to the Maysville and Richmond formations. These 
are flanked both on the north and the south by the Devonian 
shales. The Waverlian series of the Mississippian system covers 





CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 233 


the western and northwestern area, and the Mammoth Cave lime¬ 
stone series the central portion. The Chester series is wanting. 

The building stones of Russell County are therefore lime¬ 
stones. The Mavsville and Richmond formations of the Cin- 

«/ 

cinnatian series are sufficiently thick bedded and crystalline to 
furnish building stone for local use. The white, light gray and 
gray, thick bedded, Mammoth Cave limestone can furnish good 
building stone. 

(1) One quarry was reported near Jamestown, the county 
seat. This quarry is said to furnish stone for foundation and 
curbing in Jamestown. 

According to II. W. Edmonds, County Judge of Russell 
County, there is an abundance of blue stone within the county. 
The stone, however, has never been extensively quarried. The 
beds vary from 3 to 6 feet in thickness wherever it has been 
quarried. 

Simpson County 

The terranes of Simpson County are all Mississippian. The 
Waverlian series is absent. Likewise the Chester series. The 
entire county, therefore, is occupied by the Mammoth Cave lime¬ 
stone series. 

The limestones are white, grayish white, and gray. They 
are often oolitic and thick bedded. They can furnish good build¬ 
ing stone. 

(1) Walter Stringer Quarry. This quarry is situated 
about 4 miles west of Franklin, the county seat of Simpson 
County. The stone is used for foundations, abutments, bridges, 
curbing, and road metal. 

(2) This quarry is on the Blackjack Road about 5 miles 
east of Franklin. The stone is used as road metal. 


Taylor County 

The terranes of Taylor County belong to the Devonian and 
Mississippiarj systems. The Devonian formations occupy only 
a small narrow area extending in a northeasterly and south¬ 
westerly direction along Robinson Creek in the northeastern part 
of the county. The Waverlian series of the Mississippian sys- 



234 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


tem covers nearly all of the remaining area. In the extreme 
northwest corner of the county there is a small area occupied 
by the Mammoth Cave limestone series. 

The limestones are gray and bluish gray in color, fine to 
medium grained, and sufficiently thick bedded to furnish build¬ 
ing stone for local use. 

(1) One quarry was reported near Campbellsville, the 
county seat. This quarry was said to furnish stone for founda¬ 
tion work and curbing, as well as road metah 

Todd County 

The terranes of Todd County belong to the Mississippian 
and Pennsylvanian formations. The Pennsylvanian outcrops are 
confined to the northern part of the county. The Waverlian 
series of the Mississippian system is wanting. The Mammoth 
Cave limestone series covers all of the southern half of the 
county, and the Chester series the northern part. 

The limestones of Todd County are white, grayish white, 
and bluish gray in color. They are in part oolitic, medium to 
coarse grained, thick bedded, and can furnish good building 
stone. 

(1) E. L. Traugher Quarry. This quarry is situated on 
the Russellville Pike about 4 miles west of Elkton, the county 
seat of Todd County. The quarry is in the white, oolitic lime¬ 
stone. It is a good building stone, but it is largely used in the 
construction of permanent roads. 

(2) There is an abandoned quarry just west of Elkton 
that has furnished much stone for retaining walls, fences and 
foundations. 

(3) This quarry is just out of Elkton, to the east. The 
stone has been used in foundation work. 

(4) Rev. W. Miller Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 
miles northeast of Elkton. The stone is white in color, oolitic, 
and a fine building stone. 

(5) Sugg Quarry. This quarry is on the Elkton-Russell- 
ville Pike, 5 miles east of Elkton. This quarry is in the white, 
oolitic, limestone. The stone is well suited for constructional 
work. 



CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 235 


Trigg County 

The terranes of Trigg County belong to the Mississippian 
and Cretaceous systems. The Cretaceous deposits are confined 
to the area between the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, 
and are roughly parallel with the northwesterly course of these 
two streams. The Waverlian series of the Mississippian system 
is wanting. The Mammoth Cave limestone series covers nearly 
the entire county. The Chester series occupies only a very 
limited area in the extreme northeast corner of the county. 

The limestones are white, grayish white, gray, and bluish 
gray in color. They are in part oolitic, medium to coarse grained* 
thick bedded, and can furnish good building stone. 

(1) Cerulean Stone Company Quarry. This quarry is 
situated 1 y 2 miles north of Cerulean. It is 650 feet in length, 
600 feet in breadth, and the height of the working face is 53 
feet. At the top of the quarry there is 10 feet of light gray, 
oolitic, building stone underlain by 30 feet of very hard, dark 
gray, massive limestone that breaks with a conchoidal fracture. 
At the bottom of the quarry there is 15 feet of massive, dark 
gray limestone that is not flinty in character. This quarry oper¬ 
ates a gyrating Gates crusher with 400-ton capacity. 

(2) Charles McQuerry Quarry. This quarry is situated 
one-half mile west of Cerulean, and the product is used for road 
construction. 

(3) This quarry is situated 1 mile south of Cerulean. The 
stone here is broken into dimension stone by hand only. 

(4) Cadiz Quarry. A quarry was reported to exist a lit¬ 
tle north of Cadiz, the county seat. The stone was said to be 
used for foundation work and curbing at Cadiz. The quarry was 
not visited by the author. 

Warren County 

The terranes of Warren County belong to the Mississippian 
and Pennsylvanian systems. The Pennsylvanian formations are 
confined to a few outcrops in the extreme northern part of the 
county. The Waverlian series of the Mississippian system is 
wanting. According to the maps prepared by Prof. Arthur M. 




236 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Miller the Mammoth Cave limestone series covers nearly the 
entire county, the Chester series outcrops mainly in the northern 
part of the county. 



77. BOWLING GREEN QUARRIES CUTTING PLANT. 

This plant is located just outside of the city limits of Bowling- Green, 

Warren County, Ky. 


The building stones of Warren County are mostly quarried 
from the beds of the Gasper oolitic limestone. The beds vary 
in thickness from 10 to 22 feet, without seam or flaw. In color, 
the rock is “Royal White,” white, very light gray, gray, and 
dark gray. All varieties weather white, or nearly white. The stone 
is oolitic, flue grained, if less than .2 millimeters in diameter; 
medium grained, from .2 to .4 millimeters in diameter ; coarse 
grained, more than .4 millimeters in diameter. The fracture 
sometimes crosses the oolites, and sometimes it goes around them, 
so that the oolites stand out conspicuously on the broken sur¬ 
face. In polished samples the contrast is strong between the 
pure white exterior of the oolite and the darker interior. Most 
of the oolites are round, but some of them are elongated. The 
stone has perfect rift and grain, and lends itself to the most 
delicate carving. When freshly quarried, it is somewhat stained 













CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 237 


by bituminous substances, which completely evaporate upon 
exposure to the atmosphere. The seasoned stone, therefore, is 
white, or nearly white. 



78. DIMENSION BLOCKS. 

These blocks are at the cutting - plant of the Bowling Green Quarries 
Company, Bowling Green, Warren County, Ky. 


(1) Green River Quarry. This quarry is situated about 
6 miles northwest of Bowling Green, the county seat of Warren 
County. Some of the beds are 20 feet in thickness, without 
seam or flaw. The length of the quarry is 500 feet. The breadth 
is approximately 500 feet. The stone has been quarried over the 
entire area now covered by waste material. A spur of the rail¬ 
road carries the stone from the quarry to Barren River. It is 
then transported by barges to Bowling Green for manufacture. 

In quarrying the stone channeling machines cut the vertical 
channels to the depth of the block desired, and gadding machines 
cut the horizontal channels. Therefore the blocks of limestone 
are cut in the quarry in whatever dimensions may be desired 
for shipment to the mill without the use of explosives. The huge 
blocks are lifted from the quarry door by dericks and loaded on 
cars for shipment to Barren River. 








238 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


At this quarry there is more of the thick bedded, oolitic 
limestone than there is in the other quarries around Bowling 
Green. It represents a rare opportunity to secure a most excel¬ 
lent building stone in large quantities at reasonable prices. 
Since the stone lends itself readily to the most delicate carving, 
and weathers white, it is well adapted for monumental work. 



79. POSTOFFICE, BOW r RING GREEN, KY. 

This Government Building- was built of white crystalline limestone from 
the white limestone quarries near Bowling- Green, Warren County, Ky. 


There is at the Green River Quarry some 10 feet of overlying, 
thin bedded, dark gray, fossiliferous limestone, with the upper 
portion much decomposed, that has to be removed to gain access 
to the white, thick bedded building and monumental stone. For 
a detailed petrographic description of a microscopic slide from 
the Green River Quarry see Slide No. 2 in Chapter V. 

(2) White Stone Quarry. This quarry is situated approx¬ 
imately 5 miles southwest of Bowling Green. The length of 
the quarry is 800 feet and the breadth is 500 feet. The thick¬ 
ness of the individual beds is 20 feet. Modern quarrying 
machinery is here installed, and the quarry products are shipped 
by a spur of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad to the main 
line, and then to Bowling Green for manufacture. 

























CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 239 


A part of the building stone obtained at the White Stone 
quarry is the typical white, oolitic, non-crystalline limestone. 
A part is a very fine grained, compact, birdseye limestone, and 
a part is a semi-crystalline, oolitic limestone. The calcium car¬ 
bonate does not appear to be sufficiently re crystallized to class 
the product as a marble, mineralogically. Unfortunately, no 
microscopic slide from this quarry has been prepared for petro¬ 
graphic study. 



80. CITIZENS NATIONAL BANK, BOWLING GREEN, KY. 

This bank at Bowling- Green, "Warren County, Ky. t was built of Bowling: 

Green white oolitic limestone. 

(3) Knob Church Quarry. This quarry is situated about 
7 miles southwest of the City of Bowling Green, and in close 
proximity to the Knob Church. The length of the quarry is 
about 500 feet. The breadth of the quarry is about 150 feet. 
The quarry does not appear to have been worked to a depth 
exceeding 8 or 10 feet. There is but little overburden to be 
removed. Channeling machines do not appear to have been 
used, but explosives were used, and much good building stone 














240 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


was wasted. The outline of the working face is markedly irreg¬ 
ular, showing that little attention was paid to the rift of the 
stone. 



81. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, BOWLING GREEN, KY. 

The approach to the First Baptist Church, Bowling- Green, Ivy., 
was built of the white crystalline limestone from the white stone quarry, 
near Bowling Green, Warren County, Ky. 

A part of the limestone at this quarry is light gray in color 
and banded. The alternating layers of different hues are very 
narrow. The stone is oolitic, and fine to medium grained. The 
banding on sample No. 3 on exhibition in the museum of the 
Kentucky Geological Survey is very pronounced when wet. 
The stone quarried here was removed by a spur of the Louisville 
& Nashville Railroad. This site furnishes a good opportunity 
for reopening the quarry for both building and monumental 
stone. 

(4) Bowling Green Whitehouse. Quarry of Kentucky. 
This quarry is situated at Memphis Junction on the Louisville 
& Nashville Railroad. The stone is here thick bedded, white, 
oolitic, and fine for building purposes. The product is used by 
the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. 














CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 241 


(5) Kissler and Rigelwood Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated about 4% miles southwest of Bowling* Green, and about 
one-half mile northeast of the White Stone quarry. The quarry 
is in the thick bedded, white, oolitic limestone. The product is 
controlled by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The lime¬ 
stone here dips 2 degrees to the west. 

(6) County Quarry. This quarry is on the Nashville 
Pike, about ld /2 miles south of Bowling Green. There is a 
crusher at this quarry with a capacity of 100 tons. The quarry 
is in the Ste. Genevieve limestone, and the product is used for 
road construction. 

(7) Jordan tC* Sons Quarry. This quarry is situated on 
the Russellville Pike, about 3 miles southwest of Bowling Green. 
The quarry is in the Ste. Genevieve limestone, and the product 
is used for monumental work. 



82. GATEWAY TO CITY PARK, BOWLING GREEN, KY. 

This gateway was built of white crystalline limestone, Smallhouse quarry, 

near the Knob Church. 


(8) Rockfield Quarry. This quarry is about 8 miles south¬ 
west of Bowling Green, and about one-half mile west of the 
Russellville Pike. 

(9) Stewarts Quarry. This quarry is situated 9 miles 
southwest of Bowling Green, and about one-half mile west of 




















242 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


the Russellville Pike. The stone is shipped by a spur to the 
Memphis Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 

(10) Smallhouse Quarry. This quarry is situated in the 
Knob Church area, about 7 miles southwest of Bowling Green. 

(11) City Quarry. This quarry is situated just outside 
the city limits, directly north of the city. This quarry is in 
the Ste. Genevieve-limestone. 

(12) Underwood Quarry. This quarry is located on both 
sides of the Richardsville Pike, about 3 miles north of Bowling 
Green. It furnished the stratified, bluish gray limestone from 
which the Methodist Church on State Street, Bowling Green, 
was erected. The quarry is now inactive. 



Iv TUW 


83. STATE STREET METHODIST CHURCH. 

This church is on State Street, Bowlins' Green, Warren County, Ky. 
The stone came from the Underwood quarry and shows well the value 
of the stone in church edifices. 

(13) Moultenbury Quarry. This quarry is on the Mor¬ 
gantown Pike, 2y 2 miles west of Bowling Green, with the actual 
quarry about 80 rods to the left of the pike. 

(.14, 15) Victoria Limestone Company Quarries. These 
quarries are situated near Slim Island, about 5 miles northwest 
of Bowling Green, on the north side of Barren River. The stone 

















CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 243 


was shipped to the river by rail. These quarries are now inac¬ 
tive. The stone is thick bedded, and fine for building purposes. 
The quarries can be reopened with very little expense. The 
stone for the Governor’s Mansion at Frankfort, Ky., came from 
this quarry. 



84. SLIM ISLAND QUARRY. 

This cut shows an abandoned quarry near Slim Island, Warren County, 
Ky. It also shows the thickness of the beds. 


(16, 17, 18) N. P. Thomas Quarries. These quarries are 
situated 7 miles northwest of Bowling Green on the farm of 
N. P. Thomas, now leased by J. E. Condra, and Mrs. A. G. W. 
Killow. The stone is of very good quality. 

(19) Caden Stone Company Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated on Gasper River, about 1 mile above where it empties into 
Barren River, and about 9 miles northwest of Bowling Green. 
The beds at this quarry dip V /2 degrees to the northwest. The 
stone is very good for building purposes and monumental work. 
The quarry lias been in successful operation for over 50 years, 
and the product largely shipped to Evansville, Indiana, for 
manufacture. 

(20) Green Castle Quarry. This quarry is on Barren 
River at the mouth of Lost Creek, 8 miles northwest of Bowling 
Green. The stone is shipped to Bowling Green by barges. 






244 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(21) This quarry is 12 miles northwest of Bowling Green 
on the head of Clay Lick Creek. It is on the west side of the 
Bowling Green, and Woodbury Road. The stone is used in the 
construction of the pike. It is a coarse grained limestone that 
would make a good building stone. 

(22) This quarry is situated in the extreme northern part 
of Warren County, D4 miles east of Woodbury, Butler County. 
The quarry is on the west bank of Clay Lick Creek, in a yellow¬ 
ish brown sandstone of the Bee Springs formation of the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system. The quarry opening is 100 feet in length, 
50 feet in breadth, with height of working face 40 feet. The 
individual beds are from 6 to 18 inches in thickness, and slightly 
banded with iron stains. 

The claims made for the white, oolitic limestones of Bowl¬ 
ing Green are: 

1. Beauty of color and uniformity of texture. 

2. Strength. 

3. Durability. 

4. Ease of working. 

5. Resistance to discoloring influences. 

6. Resistance to action of heat and moisture. 

The compressive strength of America’s best marbles ranges 
between 11,000 and 16,000 pounds per square inch. 

The Bowling Green white, oolitic limestone has been styled 
“The Aristocrat of all the limestones.” Its beauty of color and 
uniformity of texture are especially noteworthy features. True 
it is that when the stone is first quarried it appears dingy and 
rather unpleasing, but when completely bleached by the evapo¬ 
ration of the occluded petroleum, it is a stone of great white¬ 
ness and remarkable beauty. 

The strength of this stone is in excess of any weight that 
would be imposed upon any building stone by the usages of 
modern architecture. According to the compression tests made 
at the A atertown Arsenal, Mass., the resistance per square 
inch in three samples is 6,532 pounds, 7,009 pounds, and 6,746 
pounds. 

The durability of the stone is evidenced by the fact that 
some of the hearthstones and chimney caps erected more than a 



CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 245 


century ago are perfectly intact, and show few, if any, evidences 
of disintegration. 

Some of the buildings in Bowling Green were constructed 
of this stone more than 80 years ago, which still retain the 
original tool marks. 

The Bowling Green white, oolitic limestone is worked with 
remarkable ease. This is due to its perfect rift and grain and its 
uniformity of texture. The stone readily admits of the finest 
carving, so that the most delicate capitols may be easily con¬ 
structed. This is a decided advantage also in monumental work, 
where much carving is desired. The stone is said to split so 
uniformly that a curved surface of 100 degrees may be split 
without risk of the line of fracture crossing the curve. 

The resistance of this stone to the destructive agents of the 
atmosphere is equal to that of the Bedford, Indiana, oolitic lime¬ 
stone, which is doubtless the best known and most popular 
uncrvstallized limestone for constructional purposes in America. 

It is true, however, that in the case of the Bowling Green 
stone some care must be exercised in the selection of the blocks 
for either constructional or monumental work. Occasionally 
there is present a small lens containing the sulphide of iron, 
probably pyrite, FeS 2 , which inevitably leads to a discoloration 
of the stone, if not to actual cavities. What the writer has in 
mind can best be seen in one of the fluted columns at the main 
entrance to the Carnegie Library in Louisville, Ky. This diffi¬ 
culty can always be avoided by a judicious selection of dimen¬ 
sion blocks. The writer has seen many buildings that have 
stood for at least 25 years exposed to all the destructive influ¬ 
ences of the atmosphere without showing any discoloration due 
to iron content. 

The product of all the quarries in the Bowling Green dis¬ 
trict is impregnated with oil. This renders the stone somewhat 
unpleasing in its effect when freshly quarried, but the oil rapidly 
bleaches out on the surface and leaves the stone a rich, creamy 
white color. 

The Bowling Green white oolitic stone was awarded a gold 
medal at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, and 
it received the highest award at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi¬ 
tion, St. Louis, 1904. 



246 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Manufacture. The plant of the Bowling Green Quarries 
Company is situated just outside of the city limits on the north 
side of the city. The plant is equipped with modern machinery 
for cutting and dressing the stone. The company is equipped to 
meet the requirements of the most discriminating trade. 

Borne of the buildings that have been constructed entirely or 
in part of Bowling Green white, oolitic limestone are here given 
to show its wide industrial application: 

Fluted columns in the front of the Administration Building, 
Potter College, Bowling Green, Ky. 

Citizens National Bank, Bowling Green, Ky. The stone for this 
building was shipped from the quarries to St. Louis for cutting and 
reshipped to Bowling Green for construction. 

Gateway to City Park, Bowling Green, Ky. White, crystalline, 
oolitic limestone. Smallhouse Quarry. 

State Street Methodist Church, Bowling Green, Ky. Underwood 
Quarry. 

United States Postoffice Building, Bowling Green, Ky. 

Warren Deposit Bank, Bowling Green, Ky. 

Warren County Courthouse, Bowling Green, Ky. 

Saint Thomas Cathedral, Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 

The Hall of Records, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

The Dime Savings Bank, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Church of Our Lady of Victory, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Residence of Mr. Alfred E. Burke, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Residence of Mr. A. M. Lotlirop, Washington, D. C. 

Residence of Mr. E. H. Everett, Washington, D. C. 

Residence of Senator Joseph W. Bailey, Washington, D. C. 

The Seelbach Hotel, Louisville, Ky. 

The Christian Church, Louisville, Ky. 

The Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, Ky. 

Residence of Hon. John B. Daniel, Nashville, Tenn. 

United States Custom House, Nashville, Tenn. 

Carnegie Library, Nashville, Tenn. 

Nashville Trust Co., Nashville, Tenn. 

Stahlman Building, Nashville, Tenn. 

United States Arsenal Buildings, Columbia, Tenn. 

The Tennessee Trust Co., Memphis, Tenn. 

North Memphis Savings Bank, Memphis, Tenn. 

Residence of Col. C. B. Galloway, Memphis, Tenn. 

Atlanta University Buildings, Atlanta, Ga. 

Chamber of Commerce, Atlanta, Ga. 

Odd Fellows’ Temple, Atlanta, Ga. 

St. Boniface School and Church, Evansville, Ind. 

St. Mary’s School and Parsonage, Evansville, Ind. 



CENTRAL, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN KENTUCKY 247 


Ohio Valley Bank Building, Henderson, Ky. 

Jewish Synagogue, Henderson, Ky. 

United States Government Building, Lexington, Ky. 

Broadway Christian Church, Lexington, Ky. 

United States Government Building, Paducah, Ky. 

Grace Episcopal Church, Paducah, Ky. 

Citizens’ Savings Bank, Paducah, Ky. 

Knights of Pythias Hall, Clarksville, Tenn. 

United States Government Building, Jackson, Tenn. 

Illinois Central R. R. Offices, Jackson, Tenn. 

Tennessee State Bank Building, Humboldt, Tenn. 

The Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. 

Church of the Holy Innocents, Monte Sano, Ala. 

Bennett Building, Peoria, Ill. 

United States Government Building, Carmi, Ill. 

United States Government Building, Jackson, Miss. 

United States Government Building, Gulfport, Miss. 

United States Government Building, Pensacola, Fla. 

United States Government Building, Jacksonville, Fla. 

Saint John’s Cathedral, Jacksonville, Fla. 

m 

Conclusions 

The oolitic limestones of Warren County, known as the 
Bowling Green Stone, are fully the equal of the oolitic lime¬ 
stones of Bedford, Laurence County, Indiana. The two oolites 
closely resemble each other in color, texture, chemical composi¬ 
tion, durability, and the ease with which they lend themselves 
to quarrying, dressing and carving. When the quarry water is 
in the stone it can be easily and most delicately carved, but upon 
evaporation of the quarry water the stone in each case hardens. 
The Bedford stone needs to be set in the wall in such a position 
that the pressure of the supernatant rock is at right angles to the 
plane of bedding. The Bowling Green stone can be set in any 
position in the wall. The Bowling Green stone should be thor¬ 
oughly seasoned before shipment from the mill yard to the place 
of consumption. 





248 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Number of 
County. 

76 . 

77 . 

78 . 

79 . 

80 . 

81. 

82. 

83 . 

84 . 

85 . 

86 .... 

87 . 

88 . 

89 .. 

90 . 

91 . 

92 . 

93 . 

94 . 

95.... 

96 . 

97 . 

98 . 

99 . 

100 . 

101 . 

102 . 


Name of 
County. 

Adair . 

.Allen . 

.Barren . 

Breckinridge 

.Caldwell . 

.Casey . 

.Christian .... 
.Crittenden .. 
.Cumberland 
.Edmonson .. 

.Grayson . 

.Green . 

.Hardin . 

.Hart . 

Laurel . 

.Livingston .. 

.Logan . 

.Lyon . 

.Meade . 

.Metcalfe . 

.Monroe . 

.Russell . 

.Simpson . 

.Taylor . 

.Todd . 

-Trigg . 

.Warren . 


Number of 
Quarries in 
County. 

. 3 

. 2 

. 9 

. 5 

. 6 

. 0 

. 4 

. 2 

. 1 

. 1 

.'. 12 

.. 1 

. 6 

. 6 

. 3 

. 3 

. 6 

. 8 

. 3 

. 1 

. 1 

. 1 

. 2 

. 1 

. 5 

. 4 

. 22 


Total number of quarries 


118 






























































CHAPTER IX 

THE WESTERN COAL FIELD 

The western coal field embraces a smaller number of coun¬ 
ties than any other distinct geographic Province of the State, 
with the single exception of the Jackson Purchase. The area 
is situated in the western part of Kentucky and lies between the 
Ohio River on the north and the Mississippian terranes on the 
south. Grayson and Edmonson counties were included in the 
preceding chapter for they are not strictly considered western 
coal measure counties. Their terranes, howeVer, are about 
equally divided between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian 
systems. 

The terranes described in this chapter are predominantly 
Pennsylvanian. In a few instances tongues of the Mississippian 
system will be found extending into the Pennsylvanian forma¬ 
tions. The area is one teeming with the coal industry, and but 
few quarries in the Pennsylvanian sandstones have been opened. 
The chapter will of necessity be brief. 

Butler County 

The terranes of Butler County belong to the Mississippian 
and the Pennsylvanian systems. The Mississippian formations 
cover quite an extensive area in the southern part of the county. 
These terranes belong to the Chester series. The remainder of 
the county is covered by the Pennsylvanian Coal Measures 
outcrop. 

Since the thick bedded Gasper oolitic limestone furnishes 
so many large quarries which are situated only a few miles east 
of the southern portion of Butler County, building stone quar¬ 
ries can be found in this county in the Mississippian formation. 
It is possible that quarries have been opened up for stone for 
foundation work in Morgantown, the county seat, but the author 
has no definite knowledge of the existence of such quarries. 

According to G. T. Phelps, County Judge of Butler County, 
there is an abundance of good sandstone for building purposes 
within the county. Also in the southwest part of the county 
there is a fine grade of limestone suitable for building purposes 
and road construction. 


250 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Daviess County 

The terranes of Daviess County are all Pennsylvanian in 
age. The building stones, if any exist, are therefore sandstones. 
According to J. S. Hudnall, Assistant Geologist of Kentucky, 
there are no quarries in this sandstone series in Daviess County. 
Owensboro on the Ohio River is the county seat. 

Hancock County 

The terranes of Hancock County belong to the Mississippian 
and the Pennsylvanian systems. The Mississippian formations 
are confined to a narrow strip in the extreme eastern portion. 
The Pennsylvanian system covers the remainder of the county. 
The limestones of the extreme eastern portion should furnish 
building stone for local use. 

(1) Hawesville Quarry. A quarry was reported near 
Hawesville, the county seat of Hancock County. The quarry 
was said to be in sandstone, and the stone used for foundation 
work and curbing. The quarry was not visited. 

Henderson County 

All the terranes of Henderson County belong to the Penn¬ 
sylvanian system. The outcrops are therefore sandstones. 
According to J. S. Hudnall, Assistant Geologist of Kentucky, 
there are no quarries in Henderson County. Henderson, on the 
Ohio River, is the county seat. 

According to Spalding Trafton, Postmaster, there has been 
no stone quarried in this county for building purposes or for 
the construction of sidewalks. Some years ago rock was obtained 
and crushed at a point near Smith’s Mill, and used for a time 
for macadamizing roads. This, however, did not prove profit¬ 
able and was abandoned. 

Hopkins County 

All the terranes of Hopkins County belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. Most of the quarries are situated in fine to 
medium grained sandstones. Three of them are in the bluish 
gray compact limestone. 

(1) Major M. K. Gordon Quarry. This quarry is situated 
just east of the little lake on Ebenezer Street six blocks west of 





THE WESTERN COAL FIELD 


251 


the courthouse at Madisonville, the county seat. The quarry is 
in a bluish gray limestone and the product used for foundation 
work, bridges, culverts, and curbing. 

(2) Browning Springs Quarry. This quarry is situated 
at the west end of Arch Street, five blocks west of the court¬ 
house. This quarry is in the bluish gray limestone. 

(3) Sunlight Coal Company Quarry. This quarry is sit¬ 
uated in the grapevine country three miles southeast of Madison¬ 
ville. The quarry is in the bluish gray limestone. 

(4) Drakes Creek Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 1 /o 
miles southeast of Nortonville on the Louisville & Nashville Rail¬ 
road. The quarry is in a bluish gray sandstone. 

(5) Oak Hill Quarry. This quarry is one mile north of 
Nortonville on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The quarry 
is in sandstone. The individual beds are fifteen feet in thick¬ 
ness. The stone has been used for pillars under houses, founda¬ 
tion work, abutments, bridges, culverts, curbing, etc. 

(6) Marion Page Quarry. This quarry is situated 2 miles 
south of Nortonville on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The 
quarry is operated by the Rodgers Brothers. It is in sandstone. 

(7) Grampian Hills Quarry. Some old abandoned sand¬ 
stone quarries were found in the Grampian Hills near Madison¬ 
ville. The stone for the residence of William C. Morton, Archi¬ 
tect, was quarried here in 1872. The stone in the Methodist 
Church at Madisonville came from the Grampian Hills. The 
stone in the base course of the Presbyterian Church came from 
the same quarries. The stone was quarried in 1840. It has been 
through one fire and used twice. The top step of approach to 
this church came from the old courthouse and was quarried over 
90 years ago. The Kentucky Bank and Trust Company was 
erected in 1901 on a sandstone foundation. The stone came from 
the sandstone of the old hotel erected in 1850. The coke ovens 
at Earlington are all built of local sandstone. 

(8) Dawson Springs Quarry. This quarry is about % 
mile south of Dawson Springs and is inactive. It furnished the 
sandstone for the foundation of an old mill near the quarry 
more than 60 years ago, and also the foundations for many 
structures around Dawson Springs. 






252 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


McLean County 

All the terranes of McLean County belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. Therefore the building stones are essentially 
sandstones. There are beds of massive sandstone along Green 
River. Only one quarry was reported in McLean County. The 
quarry was said to be near Calhoun, the county seat, and the 
stone used for foundation work. It was not visited. 

Muhlenberg County 

The terranes of Muhlenberg County belong to the Missis- 
sippian system. The Mississippian terranes are confined to the 
southern part of the county. Both the Waverlian and the Mam¬ 
moth Cave limestone series are absent. The Chester series occu¬ 
pies only a small area. 

The outcrops containing stone suitable for building pur¬ 
poses should contain both limestones and sandstones. The Penn¬ 
sylvanian sandstones have furnished some very good sandstone 
for constructional work. Greenville is the county seat of Muh¬ 
lenberg County. 

(1) Mack Ferguson Quarry. This quarry is situated % 
mile west of South Carrollton. The quarry is in limestone. The 
stone was quarried for road construction and burned into lime 
for both building and agricultural purposes. 

(2) Mack Ferguson Quarry. This quarry is situated % 
mile north of South Carrollton. In this quarry there is a buff 
sandstone on the top varying from 6 to 10 feet in thickness. 
The middle layer consists of a gray sandstone 4 feet in thickness. 
The bottom of the quarry contains 20 feet of fine grained, even 
textured blue sandstone. 

When this quarry was active the stone was used by the 
Illinois Central and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads in piers 
and abutments for bridges. It was shipped to Georgia and Ala¬ 
bama for building purposes. In 1910 it was shipped to New 
York City for use in the interior of the Cathedral of St. John 
the Divine. 

The John Omar Company had a mill for cutting, dressing, 
polishing, and sculpturing the stone. More than 500 carloads of 
stone were shipped from South Carrollton. 



THE WESTERN COAL FIELD 


253 


(3) Mach Ferguson Quarry. This quarry is near the 
large quarry described as No. 2. It contains the same varieties 
of sandstone as No. 2, but has never been as extensively worked. 

(4) Mach Ferguson Quarry. This quarry is situated 
within the corporation limits on the east side of the town. The 
thick-bedded sandstone here is very durable. 

(5) Ernest Purdy Quarry. This quarry is situated on the 
east bank of Green River. This quarry has been inactive for 

several years. 

«/ 

(6) J. F. Wolcott Quarry. This quarry is near the bank 
of Green River just outside the city limits. The stone from this 
quarry has been used for underpinnings, foundations and out¬ 
side stone chimneys. Some of the stone in a stone cellar which was 
built more thap 60 years ago with stone from this quarry still 
shows the tool marks as fresh as when the stone was cut. Some 
of the stone in the outside stone chimneys now more than 75 
years old still retain the tool marks. Most of the chimneys came 
from the buff bed. 

Ohio County 

The terranes of Ohio County belong to the Mississippian 
and Pennsylvanian systems. The Mississippian formations are 
confined to a small area in the eastern part of the county. This 
area in part extends in an east and west direction bordering 
Rough River both on the north and the south; in part on both 
sides of Caney Creek, a tributary to Rough River from the south, 
and in part on both sides of a tributary to Rough River from 
the north. The Mississippian terranes belong to the Chester 
series. The remainder of the outcrops which cover nearly the 
entire county belong to the Western Coal Measures of Penn¬ 
sylvanian age. 

Some limestones should be found in the Chester series that 
could furnish building stone for local use around Hartford, the 
county seat, but the author has not been able to ascertain that 
any quarries have been opened in the Chester series. 

The Pennsylvanian sandstones in several counties have fur¬ 
nished building stone for both local use in Muhlenberg County, 
and shipment outside of the State; and it is not regarded as 
impossible that commercial sandstones exist in this county. 




254 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Union County 

All the terranes of Union County belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. The building stones should be sandstones. A 
little sandstone was reported to have been quarried near Mor- 
ganfield, the county seat, for foundation work. There are, how¬ 
ever, massive, thick bedded sandstones along the Tradewater 
River in the southern part of the county. These sandstones 
should furnish some good quarries. 

Webster County 

All the terranes of Webster County belong to the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian system. The building stone possibilities are in both 
the limestone and the sandstone members, but no quarries appear 
to have furnished foundation stone for Dixon, the county seat. 

According to G. E. Vaughn, County Judge of Webster 
County, there are splendid ledges of limestone near Providence, 
and also an abundance of thick bedded sandstones along the 
Tradewater River in the southwestern portion of the county, 
but no quarries are in operation in these formations. 


Number of 
County. 

103 . 

104 . 

105 . 

10-6. 

107 . 

108 . 

109 . 

110 . 

111 . 

112 . 


Name of 
County. 

.Butler . 

.Daviess . 

.Hancock ... 
.Henderson 
.Hopkins ..... 

.McLean . 

.Muhlenberg 

Ohio . 

.Union . 

.Webster . 


Number of 
Quarries in 
County. 

. 0 

. 0 

. 1 

. 0 

. 8 

. 1 

. 6 

. 0 

. 1 

. 0 


Total number of quarries 


17 




























CHAPTER X 

THE JACKSON PURCHASE 

The Jackson Purchase embraces a smaller number of coun- 

n a^n^ otliei* geographic province of the State. It is 

situated in the extreme southwestern corner of Kentucky. Three 

*/ 

of its boundary lines are navigable rivers. Its boundary lines 
are. on the north the Ohio River ; on the east the Tennessee 
River; on the south the State of Tennessee; on the west the 
Mississippi River. Its terranes are represented by the youngest 
rocks of the State. Nearly all of them belong to the Cretaceous 
and Quarternary systems. They are largely unconsolidated 
sediments. Where consolidation has taken place the cementing 
material is largely the oxides and hydrous oxides of iron. In 
general where the Mississippian outcrops in the eastern part 
of the Jackson Purchase the altitudes are low and the region 
swampy. It cannot therefore be expected that much good build¬ 
ing stone will ever be quarried within this geographic province. 

There is, however, another phase of the problem that may be 
mentioned. There are large deposits of high grade gravel in 
the Rivers and Creeks of the Jackson Purchase that are exten- 

sivelv used in the manufacture of concrete for constructional 

«/ 

purposes and for permanent roads. These gravels when care¬ 
fully screened could be used in the exterior adornment of stucco 
structures to a very good advantage. 

Ballard County 

All the terranes of Ballard County belong to the Quarter¬ 
nary system. There are no quarries within the county, but 
gravel for concrete work has been used from the Ohio River. 
Wickliffe, ou the Mississippi River, is the county seat. 

Calloway County 

The terranes of Calloway County belong to the Mississip¬ 
pian, Cretaceous and Quarternary systems. The Mississippian 
formations are represented by the Mammoth Cave limestone 
series which occur as a narrow belt in the eastern part of the 
county. However, there is a narrow belt of the Quarternary 
formations between the limestone and the Tennessee River. The 


256 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Cretaceous formations are also in the eastern portion, but 
between the Mississippian and the Cretaceous there is generally 
a strip of the Quarternary outcrops. The Quarternary forma¬ 
tions cover the entire western two-thirds of the county. Murray 
is the county seat. 

According to G. L. Laughton, County Judge of Calloway 
County, there are no quarries within the county. The Govern¬ 
ment roads are made of gravel from gravel pits on the various 
creeks. 

According to Prof. D. H. Davis, Assistant Geologist, Ken¬ 
tucky Geological Survey, the sandstones and conglomerates of 
the Jackson Purchase are all too friable for use as building 
stone, but Davis advises that there are outcrops of limestone on 
the road from New Concord to Patterson’s Store on the Tennes¬ 
see River, and about 2 miles west of the store, that are worthy 
of careful investigation as to their possible use as building stone 
within the Jackson Purchase. 

Carlisle County 

All the terranes of Carlisle County belong to the Quarter¬ 
nary system. There are no known quarries within the county. 
Bardwell is the county seat. 


Fulton County 

All the terranes of Fulton County belong to the Quarter¬ 
nary system. According to Charles D. Nugent, County Judge 
of Fulton County, there are no quarries within the county. All 
the gravel and crushed rock used within the county lias been 
shipped in from other localities. Hickman, on the Mississippi 
River, is the county seat. 

Graves County 

All the terranes of Graves County belong to the Quarter- 
nary system. According to J. W. Munroe, County Judge of 
Graves County, there are no quarries within the county. There 
are, however, a number of gravel pits possessing the same char¬ 
acter as the Paducah gravel which, when put on the road in 
sufficient quantity, makes a very excellent hard surface road. 



THE JACKSON PURCHASE 


257 


Hickman County 

All the terranes of Hickman County belong to the Quar¬ 
ternary system. According to J. J. Flatt, County Judge of 
Hickman County, there was once a sandstone quarry within 
the county, but the stone was long since exhausted. There are, 
however, some gravel deposits that are not easy of access, and 
consequently are not being worked at the present time. Clinton 

is the conn tv seat. 

«/ 

McCracken County 

The terranes of McCracken County belong to the Cretaceous 
and Quarternary systems. The Cretaceous outcrops are con¬ 
fined to a very narrow belt in the northeastern part of the 
county, extending in a southeasterly direction from Paducah, the 
countv seat, along the south bank of the Tennessee River, as 

ts 7 ' 

far to the southeast as the Marshall County line. 



85. POSTOFFICE, PADUCAH, KY. 

This Government Building at Paducah, McCracken County, Ky., 
shows the combined effect of both Bowling Green white oolitic limestone 
and Bedford, Indiana, oolitic limestone in the same structure. 

According to J. W. Lang, County Judge of McCracken 
County, there are no quarries within the county, but plenty of 
gravel along the Ohio River for constructional work. 


B. S— 9 





















258 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Marshall County 

The terranes of Marshall County belong* to the Mississip- 
pian, Cretaceous and Quartern ary systems. The Mississippian 
outcrops belong to the Mammoth Cave limestone series. These 
are confined to the eastern part of the county, but there is a 
narrow belt of the Quarternary outcrops between the limestone 
and the Tennessee River. The Cretaceous outcrops fall into 
three isolated areas. (1) In the northwest corner of the county 
along* the south side of the Tennessee River. (2) A small area 
just north of Briensburg. (3) A long, narrow area extending 
in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction just east of Ben¬ 
ton, the county seat. No quarries are known to exist within the 
county, but the Mammoth Cave limestone series may possibly 
contain beds of limestone that could be used commercially. 


Number of 
County. 

113 . 

114 . 

115 . 

116 . 

117 . 

118 . 

119 . 

120 . 



Number of 

Name of 

Quarries in 

County. 

County. 

Ballard . 

. 0 

Calloway . 

.. 0 

Carlisle . 

. 0 

.Fulton . 

. 0 

Graves . 

. 0 

Hickman . 

. 0 

McCracken . 

. 0 

Marshall . 

. 0 


Total number of quarries for State 


0 

610 


























CHAPTER XI 


ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES, MARBLES AND 

SANDSTONES 

The object in presenting the analyses of many limestones, 
marbles and sandstones in a separate chapter in alphabetical 
order by counties is to show that the State of Kentucky has 
within its borders in widely distributed areas a great supply 
of budding stone whose chemical composition falls well within 
the range of structural stone. The chemical composition of a 
building stone is often a guide to its suitability for construc¬ 
tional or monumental work. 

The analyses furthermore will reveal the location of many 
of the purest sedimentary rocks and enable architects, engineers, 
contractors, Chambers of Commerce and churches to select more 
wisely desirable stone for their superstructures. 

A careful study of the analyses reveals several important 
facts. The calcareous rocks may be divided into five groups as 
follows: 

1. Pure limestones. 

2. Magnesian limestones. 

3. Siliceous limestones. 

4. Dolomites. 

5. Marbles. 

The siliceous rocks or sandstones have clayey matter or 
calcium carbonate as the principal cementing material for the 
sand grains. The iron content is low, or wanting, in most cases. 
It may reach its maximum in some of the crinoidal limestones 
but even here at times the iron content is reduced to a negligible 
factor. 

The analyses as they appear in this chapter were made by, 
or under the direction of, Dr. Robert Peter and Dr. A. M. Peter, 
Directors of the State Experimental Station, Lexington, Ken¬ 
tucky. Wherever an exception to this rule appears the name 
of the analyst is given provided the name is known. 


260 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY . 


ANDERSON COUNTY 

March 13, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3334.—“Limestone from Kentucky River cliffs 
at Tyrone, Anderson County, Ky. Middle of the Tyrone formation. 
Sampled by F. J. Fohs. Brought by T. B. Ripy, Jr., Lawrenceburg, Ky.” 

A compact olive-gray limestone containing some cavities of cal- 
cite, possessing a marked conchoidal fracture. Some pieces weathered 


on the surface. 

Specific gravity, 2.71. 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture, at 100° C. .09 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, 

combined water, etc.) . 42.98 

Silica, SiO, . 2.28 

Alumina, Al,O s . .82 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . trace 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .25 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 50.87 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.87 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Total . 100.16 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 . 90.71 

Equivalent to the calcium oxid. 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 6.03 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


BARREN COUNTY 

Laboratory No. 61757.—Sample from the Harvey Quarry near 
Glasgow. Sent by J. O. Horning, County Agent. The sample was 
about a pound lump of neutral-gray, crystalline limestone which gave 
by analysis: 

Per cent. 


Calcium carbonate . 92.1 

Magnesium carbonate . 0.4 

Impurities by difference . 7.5 


Total . 100.00 


92.1% of calcium carbonate is equivalent of 51.6% of calcium 
oxide or pure lime. 0.4% of magnesium carbonate is equivalent to 
0.2% of magnesium oxide or pure magnesia. This represents a very 
good building stone; a good road building rock; and, also, it is 
agricultural. 





















ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


261 


Laboratory No. 6175V.—Sample from the Matthews Quarry at 
Templehil], Barren County. Sent by J. O. Horning, County Agent. 
The sample was about a pound lump of dark-neutral gray colored, 
crystalline limestone, which gave by analysis: 


Per cent. 

Calcium carbonate . 93.6 

Magnesium carbonate . 0.4 

Impurities by difference . 6.0 


Total . 100.0 


93.6% of calcium carbonate is equivalent to 52.5% of calcium 
oxide or pure lime. 0.4% of magnesium carbonate is equivalent to 
0.2% or magnesium oxide or pure magnesia. 

This sample represents a very good building stone; a good road 
building rock; and, also, it is agricultural. 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. A, part 1, pages 16-17. 

No. 1421.—Limestone. “Oolitic Limestone. Upper layers of upper 
sub-carboniferous limestone. Glasgow Junction, Barren County. Col¬ 
lected by Prof. N. S. Shaler.” 

A compact, nearly white, fine oolitic limestone, with a ferruginous 
stain on the exposed surfaces probably derived from the superincum¬ 
bent soil. 

Composition of this Barren County limestone, dried at 212° F.: 

Specific gravity, 2.678. 

Per cent. 


Lime, carbonate . 98.050 

Magnesia, carbonate .1. .363 

Alumina, and iron and manganese oxide . .511 

Phosphoric acid . .051 

Sulphuric acid . .260 . 

Potash . .115 

Soda . .327 

Silica and insoluble silicates . 1.060 

0 


Total . 100.737 

Percentage of lime . 50.428 

Percentage of phosphorus . .022 

Percentage of sulfur . .104 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 98.413 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. A, part 1, pages 16-17. 

No. 1422.—Limestone (compact). “Upper sub-carboniferous lime¬ 
stone. Glasgow Junction. Collected by N. S. Shaler.” 

A light-gray, fine granular, or compact limestone, which might 
be a good lithographic stone but for the presence of some imbedded 
fossils and minute specks or iron peroxide. 

























262 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Composition of this Barren County limestone, dried at 212° F.: 
Specific gravity, 2.721. 

Per cent. 


Lime, carbonate . 77.550 

Magnesia, carbonate . 13.314 

Alumina, and iron and manganese oxide . 2.680 

Phosphoric acid . .051 

Sulphuric acid . .192 

Potash . .154 

Soda .188 

Silica and insoluble silicates . -6.060 


Total . 100.189 

Percentage of lime . 43.428 

Percentage of phosphorus . .022 

Percentage of sulfur . .077 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 90.864 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. A, part 1, pages 16-17. 

No. 1423.—Limestone. Labeled “Lithographic Stone; below the 
building stone. Upper sub-carboniferous limestone. Glasgow Junc¬ 
tion. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler.” 

A light-gray, compact, or very fine granular rock, which might 
be a perfect lithographic stone but for the minute imbedded fossils 
and the small occasional specks of iron peroxide, etc., which it con¬ 
tains. Some layers, however, are reported measurably free from 
these imperfections, and found to be good enough, on actual trial, for 
some ordinary lithographic purposes. 

Composition of this Barren County limestone, dried at 212° F.: 

Specific gravity, 2.689. 

Per cent. 


Lime, carbonate . 82.960 

Magnesia, carbonate . 7.655 

Alumina, and iron and manganese oxide . 2.680 

Phosphoric acid . 115 

Sulphuric acid . 260 

Potash . 135 

Soda . 15 6 

Silica and insoluble silicates . 6.160 


Total . 100.121 

Percentage of lime. 46.457 

Percentage of phosphorus . .050 

Percentage of sulfur . .104 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates . 90.615 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


263 


BOURBON COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. A, Part 1, page 155. 

No. 1638.—“Limestone (magnesian). From Cane Ridge; five 
miles east of Paris. Used for the foundation of the Bourbon County 
Courthouse at Paris. Sent by Mr. James Stevenson.” 

A somewhat porous, fossiliferous, ferruginous, magnesian lime¬ 
stone, of a light gray-buff color, containing small specks of hydrated 
oxide of iron. Specific gravity=2.58 to 2.60 (in the lump). 


Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 

Lime carbonate . 79.140* 

Magnesia carbonate . 11.8261- 

Alumina .380 

Iron peroxide . 5.510 

Phosphoric acid . .511 

Sulphuric acid . .240 

Potash . .231 

Soda . .252 

Soluble silica . .110 

Insoluble silica . 1.160 

Loss . .-640 

Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 90.966 

*Equivalent to 5.371% magnesia. fEquivalent to 44.318% lime. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 3, O. S,. page 223. 

No. 578.—Limestone.. Labeled ;“Crystalline. lime-rock ,\ quarry 
below the woods pasture, on Wm. Buckner’s land, Cane Ridge, Bour¬ 
bon County, Kentucky. Lower Silurian formation.” 

A limestone which is principally made up of large, pure, crystal¬ 
line grains, with some little ochreous oxide of iron in spots through¬ 
out it; no fossils apparent in the specimen examined; weathered 
surface brownish. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 97.540* 

Carbonate of magnesia . .699 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .287 

Phosphoric acid . .093 

Sulphuric acid . .180 

Potash . .065 

Soda ..<.206 

Insoluble silicates . 1.446 

Total . 100.516 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 98.239 

"“Equivalent to 53.735% lime. 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 






























264 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


BRACKEN COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., page 84. 

No. 825.—Limestone. Labeled “Encrinital Limestone from near 
Augusta, Bracken County, Kentucky, where the virgin tobacco soil 
was collected. Lower Silurian formation.” 

A coarse-granular, gray limestone; on the weathered surfaces 
appearing to be almost entirely made up of small entrochites, with 
a few fragments of Chaetetes lycoperdon, etc. 

Dried at 212° F., it gave up 0.30 per cent of moisture. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime ... 91.040* 

Carbonate of magnesia . 3.678 

Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese.... 1.660 

Phosphoric acid . .182 

Sulphuric acid . .269 

Potash . .200 

Soda .148 

Siliceous residuum . 2.880 


Total . 100.057 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 94.718 


*Equivalent to 51.0S4% lime. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


BRECKINRIDGE COUNTY 


Oolitic limestone from the Webster Stone Company, Irvington, 


Breckinridge County, Ky. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.000 


Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 


bined water, etc.) . 43.652 

Silica, SiO, . .380 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . .040 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .086 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.000 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 55.540 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .300 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .002 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.000 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.000 


Total 


100.000 





























265 


ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 99.11 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . .38 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 99.49 


(Analysis by the chemist of the Ashland Iron and Mining Company, 
Ashland, Ky., Oct. 14, 1913.) 


BULLITT COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Yol. 2, O. S., page 144. 

No. 496.—Sandstone. Labeled “Building Stone, Knob at Bullitt’s 
Lick, Bullitt County, Kentucky.” (Sub-carboniferous Formation.) 

A rather soft, fine-grained, buff-gray sandstone; adhering slightly 
to the tongue; exhibiting, under the lens, minute scales of mica; com¬ 
posed of fine-grained sand, united by an argillaceous cement. 

Specific gravity, 2.427. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 


e* 


Per cent. 


Sand and insoluble silicates . 93.68 

Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese.... 3.95 

Carbonate of magnesia . .84 

Carbonate of lime . trace 

Potash ..i.. .21 

Soda .59 

Sulphuric acid and loss . .73 

Total .•. 100.00 


The air-dried rock lost .30 per cent of moisture, at 212° F. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 2, O. S., page 145. 

No. 498.—Sandstone. Labeled “Building Stone, seventy feet above 
the (not given) shale, Bellemont Furnace, Bullitt County, Ky.” (Sub- 
carboniferous Sandstone Formation.) 

A dirty buff-colored, fine-grained sandstone; adhering slightly to 
the tongue; resembling the preceding in structure. 

Specific gravity, 2.453. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Sand and insoluble silicates . 94.75 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... 3.48 

Lime . .1-6 

Magnesia . .70 

Potash ... .96 

Soda . .10 

Sulphuric acid . trace 

Total . 100.15 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


























266 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


CALDWELL COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. A, Part 2, 'page 274. 

No. 2460(b).—Oolitic Limestone. “Ten to twelve feet thick; from 
McElpatrick’s Quarry, four miles east of Princeton, Caldwell County. 
Collected by R. H. Loughridge, November, 1884.” 

A light-buff-gray oolitic limestone, containing occasional small 
crystals of calc, spar and minute cavities stained with hydrated 
ferric oxid. Scarcely adheres to the tongue, but absorbs some water. 

Composition (Air-dried). 

Per cent. 


Lime carbonate . 97.64* 

Magnesia carbonate . 1.18 

Iron peroxide and trace of phosphoric acid.... .28 

Silicious residue . 1.16 


Total . 100.26 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates . 98.82 


*Equivalent to 54.678% of lime. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


CARTER COUNTY 

March 22, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2847.—Limestone labeled “Quarry at Highland, 
from J. P. Nelson, C. & O. R. R., Lexington, Ky.” A block of bluish- 


gray, nearly white, massive stone, about 30 lbs. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . *04 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 34.30 

Silica, Si0 2 . 20.06 

Alumina, ALO s . 4.48 

Ferric oxid, Fe,0 3 . 2.88 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 28.00 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 10.17 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 


Total . 99.93 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 50.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO a , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 21.36 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


267 


March 23, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2848.—Limestone labeled “Quarry at Limestone, 
from J. P. Nelson, C. & O. R. R., Lexington, Ky.” Sample, a block of 
hard, light buff colored limestone with conchoidal fracture and having 


small veins and crystals of calcite. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .05 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 40.71 

Silica, SiO, . 4.94 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1.22 

Ferric oxid, Fe 3 0 3 . .48 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 51.80 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .76 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 3 0 5 . trace 


Total . 99.96 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 92.52 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.60 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


March 23, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2849.—Limestone labeled “Quarry on north side 
of track just west of Tygart. From J. P. Nelson, C. & O. R. R., 
Lexington, Ky.” Sample, a block of light brownish-gray, compact 


limestone containing calcite crystals. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . -05 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.15 

Silica, Si0 3 . 1.64 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .38 

Ferric oxid, Fe 3 0 3 . .48 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 54.88 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .32 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . trace 

l ’ 

Total . 99.90 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 97.10 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . .67 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 






























268 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. A, Part 2, page 182. 

No. 2290.—Limestone: “Just above the Limestone iron ore and 
under the plastic clay. Willard, Carter County. Collected by A. R. 
Crandall. Received July 9, 1883.” 

A compact limestone of a cream color, or very light buff, nearly 
white. Hardness=3.5. Fracture flat conchoidal. Does not adhere to 
the tongue. 

Composition (Air-dried). 

Per cent. 


Lime carbonate . 96.380* 

Magnesia carbonate . 1.135 

Alumina and iron oxid . .980 

Phosphoric acid, P^Oj . trace 

Manganese brown oxid . .480f 

Silica and silicates . .380 

Moisture and loss . .645 

Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 97.515 


*Equivalent to 53.973% of lime. 

•{•Equivalent to 0.953% manganese carbonate. 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) , , 


CLARK COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 114-5. 

No. 876.—Magnesian Limestone. Labeled “Building Stone; quarry 
mouth of Lower Howard’s Creek, Clark County, Ky. Lower Silurian 
formation.” 

A dull, light-buff, fine-granular rock; resembling that from 
Grimes’ quarry in Fayette County. Specific gravity, 2.735. 

Dried, in powder, at 212° F., it lost only 0.30 per cent of moisture. 

Composition dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 60.640* 

Carbonate of magnesia . 32.500t 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.580 

Phosphoric acid . 207 

Sulfuric acid . ,124 

Potash . 374 

Soda .250 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 3.520 

Moisture and loss . 1.805 

Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 93.140 


*Equivalent to 34.028% lime. 
•{•Equivalent to 15.404% magnes 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


269 


May 28, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2868.—Limestone labeled “Second big cut west 
of Hornback curve, west of Indian Fields, 2 y 2 miles. From lower 
20 ft. of middle Richmond section at second big cut west of Hornback 
curve. Collected by A. F. Foerste, March 21, 1907. This is the fresh 
limestone interbedded in the lower part of the middle Richmond. The 
same limestone occurs also farther up but is badly weathered.” 


Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 03 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.04 

Silica, SiO. . 4.50 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 2.78 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 3.08 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 30.20 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 16.36 

Phosphoric acid, P,,0 3 . .14 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 


Total . 100.13 

Calcium carbonate, CaCO s , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 53.93 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

to the magnesium oxid . 34.36 

(Analysis by J. S. Mcllargue.) 


CRITTENDEN COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 123-4. 

No. 899.—Sandstone. Labeled “Hearthstone, (best) found two 
miles from Crittenden Furnace, Crittenden County, Ky.” 

A light-salmon-colored sandstone, so friable as to be easily 
crushed in the fingers. Under the lens the clear quartz grains do not 
appear to be united by any cement. Some small black specks and a 
little oxide of iron give the color to it. 

Composition, etc., dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Sand and insoluble silicates . 99.080 

Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese.... .080 

Lime . trace 

Magnesia . .3-60 

Phosphoric acid . trace 

Sulphuric acid . .063 

Potash . .386 

Soda .121 

Water expelled at a red heat . .300 


Total . 100.390 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 




























270 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 129-30. 

No. 916.—Sandstone. Labeled “Sandstone used for the bosh and 
inner wall, at Hurrican Furnace, Crittenden County, Ky. Found two 
miles from the furnace.” A moderately firm, fine-grained sandstone; 
colored more or less with oxide of iron, in bands. 

No. 918.—Sandstone. Labeled “Hearthstone, (superior) from the 
same locality as. the preceding.” Firmer and coarser-grained than 
the preceding; containing small rounded quartz pebbles, and per¬ 
oxide of iron in spots. 

Composition of these two sandstones, dried at 212° F. 

No. 916 No. 918 


Sand and insoluble silicates. 97.400 98.640 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and 

manganese . .980 .580 

Lime . trace trace 

Magnesia . .566 .266 

Phosphoric acid . trace trace 

Sulphuric acid . trace trace 

Potash .213 .212 

Soda .156 .028 

Loss, and water expelled at red heat .685 .400 


Total . 100.000 100.126 

Moisture, lost at 212° F. 0.20 0.40 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


EDMONSON COUNTY 

December 4, 1907. 

Laboratory No. G-2814.—Limestone from exposure No. 5 in cliffs 
of Green River at Brownsville, Ky., taken about 60 ft. above the river. 
Light gray to nearly white, hard limestone. Some layers oolitic. 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .10 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.85 

Silica, SiO, . 1.90 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .64 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 O s . .40 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.00 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .64 

Phosphorus 'pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, SO a . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Potash, K 2 0 . .23 

Soda, Na 2 0 . .14 


Total 


99.90 






























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


271 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 94.59 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.34 

(Analysis by J. S. McIIargue.) 


FAYETTE COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 2, O. S., pages 165-6. 

No. 508.—Limestone. Labeled “Limestone used for curbstones, 
etc., Van Akin’s quarry, just below Lexington, on the Elkhorn Branch, 
Fayette County, Ky.’’ Glimmering with calcarious spar, and contain¬ 
ing the usual fossils of the Trenton Limestone, or blue limestone of 
the Lower Silurian Formation. 

Specific gravity, 2.711. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 77.63* 

Carbonate of magnesia ... 10.00 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... 3.23 

Phosphoric acid . .70 

Sulphuric acid . 3.12 

Chlorine, not estimated. 

Potash . .32 

Soda . 15 

Silica and insoluble silicates . 4.98 


Total . 100.13 


*Equivalent to 43.56% lime. 

The air-dried rock lost 0.20 per cent of moisture, at 212° F. 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates, 87.63. 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 2, O. S., page 169. 

No. 512.—Limestone. Labeled “Building Stone, from Grimes’ 
Quarry, Fayette County, Ky.’’ 

A light yellowish-gray, fine granular limestone, quite homogeneous 
in its structure, with no appearance of fossils or pyritous matter. 
Under the lens appears to be made up of pure crystalline grains, aggre¬ 
gated together without cement; powder nearly white. 

Specific gravity, 2.703. 
















272 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 55.54* 

Carbonate of magnesia ... 40.801 

Alumina, oxide of iron, etc. .96 

Sulphuric acid . .02 

Potash . .36 

Soda .22 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 2.79 


Total . 100.69 


The air-dried rock lost 0.30 per cent of moisture, at 212° F. 

Total calcium and magnesium carbnoates, 96.34. 

♦Equivalent to 31.16% lime, 
fEquivalent to 19.68 magnesia. 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Yol. 4, O. S., page 148. 

No. 965.—Limestone. Labeled “Lowest Rock at Clay’s Ferry; 
below the birdseye limestone, Fayette County, Ky.” 

A compact, light dove-gray, fossiliferous rock; fracture approach¬ 
ing conchoidal, containing specks of calc, spar, in some cases replac¬ 
ing fossil shells; representing irregular veins of dirty yellowish- 
gray, less compact material. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 


Per cent. 

Carbonate of lime . 92.640 

Carbonate of magnesia . 3.999 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .440 

Phosphoric acid .small trace 

Sulphuric acid . .441 

Potash, not estimated. 

Soda, not estimated. 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 2.480 


Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 96.639 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 149-50. 

No. 967.—Limestone. Labeled “Magnesian Limestone, 190 feet 
above low water. Stratum 5 feet thick; layers 10 to 18 inches thick. 
Raven Creek, Fayette County, Ky.” (Obtained by Messrs. Downie and 
Lesquereaux.) A dull, fine-grained, homogeneous rock of a gray 
reddish-buff color; contains no fossils. 

This limestone is of the lower Silurian formation. 





















ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 273 


Composition of this limestone, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 

Carbonate of lime . 77.460 

Carbonate of magnesia . 15.426 

Alumina, and oxide of iron and manganese.... 1.280 

Phosphoric acid . .246 

Sulphuric acid . .166 

Potash . .193 

Soda . .363 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 2.980 

Water and loss . 1.886 


Total . 100.000 

Moisture, lost at 212° F. 0.010 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 92.886 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 149-50. 

No. 968.—Limestone. Labeled “Kentucky Marble (Birdseye), 
from Daniel Brink’s quarry, 14 y 2 miles from Lexington, in Fayette 
County, Ky. Layer 514 feet above Philip Brink’s branch.” (Obtained 
by Messrs. Downie and Lesquereaux.) A compact warm light gray, 
brittle limestone, mottled with darker, and containing small veins of 
calc. spar. 

This limestone is of the Lower Silurian formation. 

Composition of this limestone, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 95.680 

Carbonate of magnesia . 2.044 

Alumina, and oxide of iron and manganese.... .380 

Phosphoric acid . .182 

Sulphuric acid . .166 

Potash . .193 

Soda . .048 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 1.580 

Water and loss . 


Total . 100.273 

Moisture, lost at 212° F. 0.010 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates . 97.724 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages, 149-50. 

No. 969.—Limestone. Labeled Kentucky Marble, not sb compact 
as the preceding. From Daniel Brink’s quarry, 26 feet above Philip 






























274 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Brink’s branch, Fayette County, Ky.” (Obtained by Messrs. Downie 
and Lesquereaux.) A dull, fine-grained rock, dark warm-gray, mottled 
with darker bluish gray. Brittle. 

This limestone is of the Lower Silurian formation. 

Composition of this limestone, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 62.680 

Carbonate of magnesia . 23.079 

Alumina, and oxide of iron and manganese—. 6.0*60 

Phosphoric acid . .246 

Sulphuric acid . .441 

Potash . .162 

Soda .182 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 5.280 

Water and loss . 1.870 


Total . 100.000 

Moisture, lost at 212° F. 0.006 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 85.759 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 149-50. 

No. 970.—Limestone. Labeled “Coarse Fossiliferous Limestone,’’ 
Daniel Brink’s quarry, 101 feet above Philip Brink’s branch, Fayette 
County, Ky. (Obtained by Messrs. Downie and Lesquereaux.) A 
bluish-gray limestone, full of entrochites, broken bi-valve shells, coral, 
etc. Weathered surfaces dirty-buff. 

This limestone is of the Lower Silurian formation. 

Composition of this limestone, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 91.480 

Carbonate of magnesia . 1.044 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... 3.980 

Phosphoric acid . .848 

Sulphuric acid . .317 

Potash .232 

Soda . 336 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 2.380 

Water and loss . 


Total . 100.617 

Moisture, lost at 212° F. 0.010 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 92.524 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 



























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


275 


FRANKLIN COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Yol. 4, O. S., page 155. 

No. 981.—Limestone. Labeled “Building Stone; a bed in the 
blue limestone, in the northwest part of Franklin County, Ky. Said 
to be fire and frost proof.” 

A brownish-gray, granular limestone; with many irregular pores, 
and small branching cavities, which are colored dirty-gray-brown; 
grains crystalline. 

Drier at 212° it lost 0.200 per cent of moisture. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 93.580* 

Carbonate of Magnesia . 3.663 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .880 

Phosphoric acid . .117 

Sulphuric acid . .441 

Potash . .057 

Soda . .165 

Silex and insoluble silicates . .380 

Loss . .717 

Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 97.243 


♦Equivalent to 52.511% of lime. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


ESTILL COUNTY - 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 129-30. 

No. 939.—Limestone. Labeled “Sub-carboniferous Limestone, 

used as a flux at Cottage Furnace, Estill County, Ky.” 

A gray, fine-granular limestone; with some blotches of dirty- 
buff color; no appearance of fossils. Specific gravity, 2.6823. 


Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 

Carbonate of magnesia . 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... 

Phosphoric acid . 

Sulphuric acid . 

Potash . 

Soda . 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 

Water and loss . 


92.020* 

.629 

1.120 

.310 

.166 

.193 

.083 

4.580 

.899 


Total . 100.000 

Dried at 212° F., it lost 0.40 per cent of moisture. 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates, 92.649. 


♦Equivalent to 50.515% of lime. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 




























276 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


GREENUP COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., page 164. 

No. 1009.—Limestone. Labeled “Limestone used as a flux at 
Kenton Furnace, Greenup County, Ky. (Sub-carboniferous.) 

A dense, very fine-grained, light-gray limestone; traversed by 
small veins of calc. spar. Specific gravity, 2.70-65. 

Composition, dried at 212° C. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 94.980* 

Carbonate of magnesia. 1.583 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .580 

Phosphoric acid . trace 

Sulphuric acid . .317 

Potash . .212 

Soda . .140 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 2.080 

Loss . .108 


Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 96.563 


*Equivalent to 53.293% of lime. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


HARDIN COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 178-9. 

No. 1037/—Limestone. Labeled “Lithographic Stone, Sinking 
Creek, Hardin County, Ky. Sub-carboniferous.” 

Of a light buff-gray color. Fine granular; pretty uniform in 
structure; only a few specks of oxide of iron in places; and some 
signs of fossils on the weathered surfaces. Fracture large-conchoidal. 
Dried at 212° F., its 'powder lost 0.30 per cent of moisture. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 79.180 

Carbonate of magnesia . 11.469 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .8S0 

Phosphoric acid . 156 

Sulphuric acid . 33 g 

Potash . 173 

Soda .098 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 6.980 

Loss . 726 


Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 90.649 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


277 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 178-9. 

No. 1039.—Limestone. Labeled “Oolitic Limestone. Sub-carboni¬ 
ferous. One and a half miles south of Big Spring, Hardin County, 
Ky. On the farm of Mr. Mooreman, about the level of the first red 
soil and subsoil of the sub-carboniferous. The first bed under the 
millstone grit.” (Sent by S. S. Lyon, Esq.) 

A dull, chalky-white rock, principally made up of very small, 
round, oolitic grains. Reddish on the exterior surface, where it is 
porous from the dropping out of the round grains. 

Dried at 212° F., it lost 0.30 per cent of moisture. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 98.580 

Carbonate of magnesia . .629 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .460 

Phosphoric acid . .125 

Sulphuric acid . .274 

Potash . .154 

Soda . .022 

Silex and insoluble silicates . .380 


Total ... 100.624 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 99.209 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


HENDERSON COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., page 182. 

No. 1046.—Limestone. Labeled “Limestone, from Mount Zion, 
Henderson County, Ky. (Coal Measures.)” 

A dull, fine-grained, fossiliferous limestone, with a few glimmer¬ 
ing facets of calc. spar. 

Dried at 212° F., it lost 0.20 per cent of moisture. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 88.380 

Carbonate of magnesia. 3.678 

Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese.... 1.760 

Phosphoric acid . .246 

Sulphuric acid . .1-66 

Potash . .289 

Soda . .068 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 3.280 

Water and loss . 2.133 


Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 92.058 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 




























278 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


JEFFERSON COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., page 189. 

No. 1065.—Limestone. Labeled “Variegated Limestone; near the 
base of the Upper Silurian, of Jefferson County, three miles from 
Middletown, on the Shelbyville road.” 

A fine-granular limestone, of a brownish-yellow, or dirty-orange 
color, mottled and striped with greenish-gray. Powder light-yellow¬ 
ish. Dried at 212° F., it lost 0.35 per cent of moisture. 

Composition, dried at 400° F. 

Per cent. 

Carbonate of lime . 52.080 

Carbonate of magnesia . 31.473 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... 4.473 

Phosphoric acid . .208 

Sulphuric acid . .303 

Potash . .606 

Soda .307 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 10.480 


Total . 100.009 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 83.553 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 

• 

August 18, 1906. 

Laboratory No. G-2715.—Limestone, labeled “Main quarry 14 mile 
east of Tucker, Jefferson County, Ky. Geological position Lower 
Laurel. Collected by A. F. Foerste, 1906.” Sample, bluish-gray, fine¬ 
grained limestone. 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . gg 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.68 

Silica, Si0 2 . 5 64 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 2.74 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 100 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 32.52 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 14.49 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . .08 

Sulfur, S . .14 

Phosphorus, P . trace 


Total 


99.67 





























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


279 


Calcium carbonate, CaCO ;i , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 58.07 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO :} , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 30.43 

(Analysis by O. M. Shedd.) 


August 18, 1906. 

Laboratory No. G-2711.—Limestone, labeled “Florida Heights 
quarry, Jefferson County, Ky. Geological position, Louisville lime¬ 
stone, 23 ft. to 60 ft. below Devonian base. Collected by A. F. Foerste, 


1906.” 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 24 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.48 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.98 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 2.50 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .45 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 42.88 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 7.42 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . .05 

Sulfur (total), S .17 

Phosphorus, P . trace 

i ■ 

Total .-. 100.17 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 76.57 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 15.58 

(Analysis by O. M. Shedd.) 


August 18, 1906. 

Laboratory No. G-2710.—Limestone, labeled “Florida Heights 
quarry, Jefferson County, Ky. Geological position Louisville limestone 
8 to 23 ft. below Devonian base. Collected by A. F. Foerste, 1906.” 
A hard, gray, fine-grained limestone—a few of the pieces brownish. 


Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .28 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.3-6 

Silica, Si0 2 . 6.46 

Alumina, AL0 3 . 2.94 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .52 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 39.16 
































280 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Magnesium oxid, MgO . 8.90 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiCb . .08 

Sulfur (total), S . .33 


Total . 100.03 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 69.93 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 18.69 

(Analysis by O. M. Shedd.) 


August 7, 1906. 

Laboratory No. G-2700.—Limestone, labeled “No. 2 Cox quarry, 
1 y 3 miles east of Anchorage in Jefferson County. Geological position 
Upper Laurel, 0-17 ft. below Waldron. Collected by A. F. Foerste.” 
Average sample of hard, brownish and bluish limestone. Fractured 
surfaces rough and granular and somewhat cellular. 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .17 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 44.83 

Silica, Si0 2 . 4.03 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . ) 9 92 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . ) 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 30.75 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 17.59 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .03 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Sulfur, S . trace 


Total . 99.62 

Calcium carbonate, CaCO s , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 54.91 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 36.94 

(Analysis by O. M. Shedd.) 


JESSAMINE COUNTY 

November 6, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3443.—Limestone labeled “High Bridge, Ky. 
Full section of that part of the Camp Nelson bed which is exposed 
here. This equals the upper 150 ft. of the Camp Nelson bed. Road 
leading west to the river level. Four pounds of limestone weathering 
so as to have yellowish spots. Collected by A. F. Foerste, 1911. 




























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


281 


Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 10 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.32 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.84 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .05 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 50.06 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.11 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .25 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiO a . 0.00 

Total .99.21 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 89.40 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO ;{ , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 4.43 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


June 11, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3224.—Limestone, taken from top layers of the 
American Ballast Company’s quarry about *4 mile north of High 
Bridge, Ky. The sample represents about 10 ft. vertical section of 
the rock just above the green clay, near the spring. Collected by 
J. S. McHargue, June 11, 1910. 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .23 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 36.84 

Silica, Si0 2 . 13.16 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1.98 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .80 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 45.20 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 1.19 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Potash, K.O . 1.34 

Sodium oxid, Na 2 0 . 0.00 

Total . 100.74 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 80.71 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 2.50 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 






































282 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


LOGAN COUNTY 

September 5, 1906. 

Laboratory No. G-2723.—Limestone labeled “Whittaker’s farm, 
3 miles south of Russellville. Geological position, above clay at inter¬ 
vals for 3 ft. Collected by S. A. Denny.” Sample, a hard, gray 


limestone. 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.44 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.36 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.06 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . .3-6 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 50.70 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.86 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiO a . 0.00 

Titanium and phosphorus . traces 

Sulfur (total), S . .03 


Total . 100.29 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 90.54 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 6.05 

(Analysis by O. M. Shedd.) 


MADISON COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., page 212. 

No. 1123.—Limestone. Labeled “Magnesian Limestone; a good 
building stone; from Mr. Covington’s farm, at Elliston, Madison 
County, Ky. (where the red-bud soil was collected).” 

A dull, dark, buff-gray, fine-granular rock. Powder light gray-buff 
color. Specific gravity, 2.6912. 

Dried at 212° F., it lost 0.20 per cent of moisture. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 49.320 

Carbonate of magnesia . 30.729 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... 2.960 

Phosphoric acid . .271 

Sulphuric acid . .509 
























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 283 


Potash . .374 

Soda .058 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 14.180 

Loss . 1.599 


Total . 100.000 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 80.049 


February 11, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2844.—Garrard sandstone, labeled “y 2 mile east 
of Foster Station (Flag Station), 4 miles west of Richmond, Ky., just 
east of Eliza Foster. Geological position, Garrard sandstone. Mas¬ 
sive sandstone, weathered appearance. Collected by A. F. Foerste 
March 22, 1907. This is the 'weathered form of the Garrard sand¬ 
stone of which the other sample (No. G-2864) is the unweathered 
form.” 

Sample, about y 2 lb. of yellowish-brown powder. 


Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 5.77 

Silica, Si0 2 . 73.58 

Alumina, Al 3 0 3 -(-P 2 03 -|-Ti 0 2 . 12.31 

Ferric oxid, Fe,0 3 . 2.72 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 1.75 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .90 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Potash, K,0 . 2.13 

Sodium oxid, Na 2 0 . -24 


Total . 99.40 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 3.12 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1-89 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


May 28, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2864.—Garrard sandstone, labeled “About % 
mile east of Foster Flag Station, 4 miles west of Richmond, Ky. 
Geological position, Garrard sandstone. . Massive section 0-18 ft. 
above railroad. Collected by A. F. Foerste, March 22, 1907. ’ 





























284 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .05 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 17.62 

Silica, Si0 2 . 47.16 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 7.47 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 .. ) ^ 10 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . ji 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 18.30 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 3.31 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P a 0 5 . 1.07 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 

Potash, K 2 0 . 1.75 

Sodium oxid, Na 2 0 . .66 


Total . 99.55 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 32.67 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 6.95 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 4, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3264.—Limestone labeled “St. Louis clayey 
limestone, basal 32 ft. above 12^ ft. of Keokuk on Big Hill, Madison 
County at junction with Jackson and Rockcastle counties. Collected 
by F. J. Fohs, August 13, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of gray crystalline lime¬ 
stone with a few lumps of yellowish stone which appeared to have 
been altered by weathering. The yellow lumps contained cavities of 


calcite. 

Analysis of the air-dried sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 19 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 40.-65 

Silica, Si0 2 . 7 79 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 2.94 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .86 

Calcium oxid, CaO ... 39.09 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 7.96 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .34 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .13 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . trace 


Total . 100.18 

































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 285 


Calcium carbonate, CaCO,, equivalent to the 

calcium oxicl . 69.80 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 16.71 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 86.51 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 5, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3267.—“Oolite, thickness 8 ft., fine laminated. 
Just above pink flint. Conglomerate of St. Louis. On Big Hill, near 
junction of Madison with Rockcastle and Jackson counties, Madison 
County, Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 13, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of light-gray oolitic lime¬ 


stone. Irregular fracture. Pure looking stone. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.11 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.89 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.80 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .14 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.86 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .73 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 3 0 5 . .12 

Sulfur trioxid, SO, . .03 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . trace 


Total .j. 100.48 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 94.40 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid .. 1.53 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 95.93 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


MEADE COUNTY 

September 11, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2872.—“Supposed lithographic stone. South out¬ 
crop, Mooreman land, Meade County. Fine grained, gray stone with 
broad conchoidal fracture. Does not adhere to tongue.” Received 
from F. J. Fohs, July 22, 1908. 

Specific gravity, 2.70. 

























286 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.02 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.66 

Silica, Si0 2 . 2.76 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .40 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .80 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 46.00 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 6.53 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Alkalies . trace 

Sand . trace 


Total . 100.17 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 82.14 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 13.71 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 95.85 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


September 11 , 1908. 

Laboratory No. 7-2873.—“Supposed lithographic stone. Topmost 
layer of lower ledge No. 1 quarry, Mooreman land, Meade County, 
Ky. Gray stone about 44 lb. fragments broken from cabinet specimen. 
Does not adhere to tongue. Received from F. J. Foils, July 22, 1908.” 
Specific gravity, 2.648. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.05 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 


bined water, etc.) . 43.32 

Silica, SiO, . 4 7 g 

Alumina, A1.,0 3 . 44 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.40 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 1.04 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0-, . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total 


99.21 


































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


287 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 


calcium oxid . 93.57 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 2.18 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.75 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

September 11, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2874.—“Supposed lithographic stone, second 
layer of lowest ledge No. 2 quarry, Mooreman land, Meade County. 
Light buff colored stone, parts showing a peculiar ‘worm-eaten’ 
appearance. Considerably weathered. Adheres slightly to tongue. 
Received from F. J. Fohs, July 22, 1908.” 

Specific gravity, 2.52. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.03 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.90 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.96 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .14 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 ; , . .56 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.90 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .57 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0-, . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 

Calcium carbonate, CaCO ;! , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

December 11, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2918.—“Lithographic stone sent by J. Stoddard 
Johnston of Louisville, Ky. The sample consisted of a small hand 
specimen of brownish looking stone having a conchoidal fracture.” 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. 

TVTr»i«tnrp .-. 

Per cent. 

0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com- 

bined water, etc.) . 

cjjli pa SiO . 

43.10 

4.20 


0.30 

iilUilllllCt; ^112^3 .... 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 

.40 


100.06 

96.25 

1.20 





























288 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 48.30 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 3.70 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 100.00 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 86.25 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO,, equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 7.77 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 94.02 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


December 11, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2920.—“Lithographic stone sent by J. Stod¬ 
dard Johnston of Louisville, Ky. The sample consisted of a fair¬ 


sized hand specimen of brown and gray bands and having a slight 
conchoidal fracture. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.64 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.60 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .12 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 50.20 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.67 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 99.71 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 89.11 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 5.-61 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 94.72 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


June 10, 1909. 

Laboratory No. G-3076.—Limestone sent by J. S. Johnston, of 
Louisville, Ky. Sample consisted of a very small chip of grayish look¬ 
ing limestone. “No. 1 from Meade County, higher up the river above 
Doe Run, where the railroad southward diverges from the river. 































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


289 




Thickness 15 or 20 ft. Seems more of a cement rock than litho¬ 


graphic.” 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.00 

Silica, Si0 2 . 6.60 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1.00 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .64 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 49.20 

Magnesium oxide, MgO . 2.17 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 


Total . 100.61 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 87.85 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 4.56 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 92.41 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


MORGAN COUNTY 

May 26, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G 3363.—Limestone sent by Dr. S. R. Collier of 
West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky., 8" 20'.” 

The sample consisted of a hand specimen weighing about 1% 
lbs. of dark gray oolitic limestone having an irregular fracture. The 
stone was composed of a mass of dark and light gray oolites. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .14 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.28 

Silica, Si0 2 . 5.90 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .38 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 51.30 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .48 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 

Total . 99.80 


B. S10 



































290 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 


calcium oxid . 91.60 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.00 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 92.60 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


May 26, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3362.—Limestone sent by Dr. S. R. Collier of 
West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky. “No. 6, 19 y 2 ft. from bottom, 
20 ft. thick.” 

The sample consisted of a hand specimen weighing about 1 lb. 
of light gray colored, crystalline limestone having an irregular frac¬ 
ture. One surface was honey-combed by weathering. A pure looking 
stone. 

Annalysis of air-dried sample. Per cent. 


Moisture . -12 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.74 

Silica, Si0 2 .50 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .26 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .16 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 54.55 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .51 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 99.84 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 97.40 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 1,07 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 98.47 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


May 26, 1911. 

Labroatory No. G-3361 —Limestone sent by Dr. S. R. Collier of 
West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky. “No. 5, 15y 2 ft. from bottom, 3% 
ft. thick.” 

The sample consisted of a hand specimen weighing about 1 lb. 
of brown, fine grained, slightly crystalline limestone having a con- 
choidal and flinty fracture. One surface was weathered. 






















ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


291 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. 

Moisture . 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 


bined water, etc.) . 44 62 

Silica, Si0 2 . 5 02 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 8 0 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 64 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 47.94 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.91 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, SO a . trace 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 


Total . 99.15 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 85.60 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 6.11 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 91.71 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


May 26, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3360.—Limestone sent by Dr. S. R. Collier of 
West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky. “No. 4, 14 ft. from bottom, 1 y 2 ft. 
thick. Brown marble.” 

The sample consisted of a hand specimen weighing about 2 lbs. 
of brown, fine grained, slightly crystalline limestone having a marked 
conchoidal fracture. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .20 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.66 

Silica, Si0 2 . 5.96 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .30 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO ...;. trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 48.55 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.57 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total 


99.72 




































292 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 


calcium oxid . 86.70 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxicl . 5.40 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 92.10 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


May 26, 1911 

Laboratory No. G-3359.—Limestone sent by Dr. S. R. Collier of 
West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky. “No. 3, 14 ft. from bottom.” 

The sample consisted of a hand specimen weighing about y 2 lb. 
of light gray, slightly crystalline limestone having an irregular frac¬ 
ture. A rather hard stone. One surface was somewhat honeycombed 


by weathering. 

Analysis of the air-drv sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.20 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.80 

Alumina, AL0 3 . .48 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .16 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.20 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .57 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 


Total . 99.41. 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium ’oxid . 95.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 1.20 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 96.20 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


May 26, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3358.—Limestone sent by Dr. S. R. Collier of 
West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky. “No. 2, 6 ft. from bottom.” 

The sample consisted of a hand specimen weighing about y 2 lb. 
of olive-gray, non-crystalline limestone having an irregular flinty 
fracture. Contained fissure veins containing crystals of calcite and 
some more or less greenish coloration. One surface had weathered 
to a gray color. 






















ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


293 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .06 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 40.14 

Silica, Si0 2 . 7.62 

Alumina, AL0 3 . 1.18 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 49.28 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .76 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 99.52 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 88.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO a , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.60 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 89.60 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

May 26, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3357.—Limestone sent by Dr. S. R. Collier of 
West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky. “No. 1, bottom line.” 

The sample consisted of a V 2 lb. hand specimen of dark gray with 
slightly greenish laminations of non-crystalline limestone having a 
rather flinty and irregular fracture. One surface was weathered. 
Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent - 

10 

Moisture . 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . o9.o6 

Silica, SiO, . 8 46 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1,64 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . ,89 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 48.50 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . -" 8 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . °- 00 


Total . 99 - 72 
































294 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 


calcium oxid . 86.60 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid. 1.64 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 88.24 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


May 26, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3356.—Sample of limestone sent by Dr. S. R. 
Collier of West Liberty, Morgan County, Ky. “8-12 ft. Yale Section.” 
The sample consisted of a small handful of fresh chips of olive- 


gray, non-crystalline limestone having a marked conchoidal and 
flinty fracture. The sample weighed about y 8 lb. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . .24 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.36 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.74 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 1.42 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .80 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . trace 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 51.18 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .87 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P a 0 3 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 99.61 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 91.40 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.83 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 93.23 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


NELSON COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 3, O. S., pages 341-2. 

No. 709.—Limestone (magnesian). Labeled “Magnesian building 
stone. Bardstown, Nelson County, Kentucky. Upper Silurian for¬ 
mation.” 

A gray-buff, fine-granular rock; not adhering to the tongue. 
Under the lens appearing to be made up of pretty pure crystalline 
grains. Powder of a light gray color. 

The air-dried powdered stone lost only 0.10 per cent of moisture 
at 212° F. 

Specific gravity, 2.758. 






















ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


295 


Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 62.19* 

Carbonate of magnesia . 33.90 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese 

and trace of phosphates . .68 

Potash . .46 

Soda .35 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 3.18 


Total . 100.76 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 96.09 

♦Equivalent to 34.90% of lime. 


This magnesian limestone was found to contain only a very small 
trace of sulfur. It does not differ greatly in composition from the 
limestone rocks of the lower strata of the Lower Silurian formation, 
and will doubtless be found a very durable building material. 
(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


NICHOLAS COUNTY 

February 11, 1908. 

Labratory No. G-2840.—Limestone, labeled “Upper 20 ft. of Cyn- 
thiana formation, Pleasant Valley, Ky. Collected by A. F. Foerste, 
May 18, 1907. This is the Point Pleasant bed.” Coarse powdered 
sample of about y 2 lb. of gray limestone. 

Analysis dried at 100° C. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.80 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.38 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . ) gQ 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . ) 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.48 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .86 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .30 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Total . 99-72 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the i 

calcium oxid . 95.50 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1-81 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 97.31 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 































296 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


OHIO COUNTY 


November 22, 1909. 

Laboratory No. G-3180.—“Gray limestone from Powers place on 
I. C. R. R, branch between Owensboro and Horse Branch, Ohio County, 
Ky. Sent by L. Rosenfield, Plenderson, Ky.” 

Sample consisted of a rather large sized hand specimen of lime¬ 
stone having an irregular fracture and a grayish-brown color. 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.88 

Silica, Si0 2 .1.14 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 1.08 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 1.76 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.28 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .83 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 .'. .22 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Total . 100.19 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 93.35 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO a , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1-74 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.09 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


November 22, 1909. 

Laboratory No. G-3179.—“Blue limestone from Powers place on 
I. C. R. R., branch between Owensboro and Horse Branch in Ohio 
County, Ky. Sent by L. Rosenfield, Henderson, Ky.” 

Sample consisted of a rather large hand specimen of dark-gray 
limestone containing fossils. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . q qq 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 40.36 

Silica, Si0 2 . 6.36 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 3 57 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .96 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 46.30 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.52 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 ; . .09 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Total .’.1 100.16 

































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


297 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 
calcium oxicl . 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 87.97 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


82.68 

5.29 


OLDHAM COUNTY 

August 18, 1906. 

Laboratory No. G-2717.—Limestone labeled “Cut at overhead 
bridge 2 miles east of La Grange, Oldham County, Ky. Geological 
position, Osgood limestone. Collected by A. F. Foerste, 190-6. Com¬ 
plete section sampled. Stone can be secured in large quantity imme¬ 
diately along the L. & N. Railroad.” Reddish-brown or pinkish lime¬ 


stone of rough texture and somewhat cellular. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.38 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.98 

Silica, SiO, . 5.72 

Alumina, Al^O., . 2.28 

Ferric oxid, Fe 3 0 3 . 1.04 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 28.92 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 18.84 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur, S . .03 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . .08 


Total . 100.27 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 51.61 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 39.56 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 91.17 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


August 7, 1906. 

Laboratory No. G-2701.—Limestone labeled “No. 3, locality No. 67, 
1 y 2 miles northwest of Beards in Oldham County. Geological posi¬ 
tion, Clinton. Collected by A. F. Foerste.” Average sample of brown¬ 
ish, hard, rough and cellular limestone. 

























298 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture .,. 0.04 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.27 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.00 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . ) 71 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . ) 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 54.44 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .87 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .12 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 100.45 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

! calcium oxid . 97.21 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 1.93 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 99.14 
(Analysis by Averitt, McClelland and Edgar.) 


/! ! PIKE COUNTY 

September 6, 1921. 

Laboratory No. G-4065.—Labeled “Fine grained micaceous sand¬ 
stone, Pikeville, Pike County, Ky. July 15, 1921. By. Prof. C. H. 
Richardson.” The sample was a half pound lump of pale, neutral- 
gray, fine-grained stone containing brown particles and small scales 


of mica. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. p er cent. 

Moisture . 0.20 

Ignition . 2.49 

Silica, Si0 2 . 75.92 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 2.89 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 13.47 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.40 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 1.10 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 0.72 

Potassium oxid, K 2 0 . 2.28 

Soda and loss . 0.53 


Total . 100,00 


ALFRED M. PETER, Chief Chemist. 


(Analysis by W. D. Iler.) 
































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


299 


POWELL COUNTY 

November 18, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2914.—“Limestone for Portland cement, Patrick 
Cement Company. Oolitic and crystalline limestone, over 50 ft. thick, 
Ste. Genevieve limestone. Collected by F. Julius Fohs.” 

Fragments of a rather grayish-white, weathered limestone. The 
sample consisted of about y 2 lb. of small, irregular fragments, which 
seemed to have been chipped from weathered portions of parent 


stone. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.06 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.10 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.52 

Alumina, AL0 3 . .18 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO .,. 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.20 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .50 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 


* Total . 99.04 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the ,«j 

calcium oxid . 95.07 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.05 

—k- u 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 96.12 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


ROCKCASTLE COUNTY 

Laboratory No. G-2606.—Limestone, labeled “Near Gum Sulphur, 
Rockcastle County, Ky. Geological (position Devonian (?). Brought 
by Dr. W. W. Burgin, Richmond, Ky.” 

Sample, a 16 oz. piece of gray, very crystalline limestone con¬ 
taining pink crinoid stems and pink calcite crystals and occasional 
spots of soft, greenish, clay-like material among the crystals. Frag¬ 
ments of brachiopod shells were noted occasionally. 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.11 

Ignition . 43.78 

Silica .27 

Ferric oxid, alumina, etc. .41 

Lime . 54.82* 





























300 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Magnesia . .55 

Sulphur trioxid . .02 

Phosphorus pentoxid . trace 


Total . 99.96 


*Equivalen.t to 97.89% calcium carbonate. 

(Analysis by S. D. Averitt.) 

July 14, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3291.—“First limestone above base of Birds- 
ville formation. Thickness 20 ft. 6 ins. On hill directly south of 
depot at Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected by F. J. 
Fohs, August 10, 1910.” 

Average sample of gray, crystalline limestone having a conchoidal 
fracture. Some coating of iron oxid on weathered surface. 


Moisture . 0.12 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.86 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.44 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 .:..*. .21 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .43 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 51.44 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 1.76 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .05 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .07 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 .,. 0.00 


Total . 99.38 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 91.70 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 3.70 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.40 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


July 14, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3290.—“Third limestone from base of Birds- 
ville, thickness 23 ft. 11 ins., on hill directly south of depot at Mt. 
Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 
10, 1910. 

Average sample of dark-gray, rather impure looking stone. 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. p e r cent. 

Moisture . 0.11 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.80 

Silica, Si0 2 . 4 . 5 g 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .84 






























ANALYSES OP BUILDING STONES 


301 


Ferric oxid, Fe.0 3 . 0.00 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .79 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 48.32 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.28 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .03 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . -57 

Titanium dioxid, TiO L > . 0.00 


Total .•. 99.32 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 8-6.28 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 4.79 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 91.07 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

November 7, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3289.—“Crystalline, oolitic limestone with large 
crinoid stems, zaphrenti and agassizocrins conicus. Thickness, 24 ft. 
10 ins. Top beds of Tribune limestone. Sparks Quarry, 2 miles 
northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected by F. J. 
Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

Average sample of crystalline, oolitic limestone containing cavi¬ 
ties of iron oxid. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture at 100° C. 0.07 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.00 

Silica, SiO., . 1\66 

Alumina, AL0 3 . .52 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .16 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .22 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.76 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .67 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 3 0 3 . .02 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .01 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr. trace 

Total . 100.09 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 96.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1-41 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 97.41 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

































302 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


November 7, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3288.—“White oolite. Thickness 17 ft. 10 ins. 
Krugers lime quarry, directly south of depot at Mt. Vernon. Mt. 
Vernon bed, Ste. Genevieve limestone, Rockcastle County, Ky. Col¬ 
lected by F. J. Pohs, August 10, 1910.” 

Average sample of white oolitic limestone. Looks like a finer 
grained stone than the Bedford and a fewer number of oolites. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.02 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.50 

Silica, Si0 2 . .52 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .16 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .08 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .07 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 55.19 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .38 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .05 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .01 

Titanium dioxid, TiO ; . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . traces 


Total . 99.98 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the - 

calcium oxid . 99.55 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO a , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . .79 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 99.34 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

July 14, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3287.—“Dark oolite cross bedded No. 5 of Mt. 
Vernon, Ste. Genevieve Section. Spark’s quarry, 2 miles northeast at 
Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 
9, 1910.” 

Average sample of gray, oolitic limestone. A rather firm stone, 
some of the chips being slightly weathered. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.13 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 40.84 

Silica, Si0 2 . 5.72 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .74 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .68 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .18 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 51.20 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .85 




























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


303 


Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .08 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .07 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 100.49 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 91.28 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 1.78 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 93.06 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

July 14, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3284.—“Dark, compact, somewhat brecciated 
limestone. No. 8 of section of Ste. Genevieve. Thickness 3 V 2 ft. 

Sparks’ quarry, 2 miles northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, 
Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

Average sample of dark limestone. A rather hard, flint-like stone. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture. 0.08 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.70 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.24 

Alumina, Al 2 O a . .26 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .22 

Calcium oxid, CaO ... 53.40 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .70 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .04 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .10 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 


Total . 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid .’. 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 96.67 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

July 14, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3281.—“7% ft. of Lithostrotion beds, St. Louis 
limestone on Big Hill in road near junction of Madison, Jackson and 
Rockcastle counties, Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 13, 1910.” 

Average sample of dark gray limestone containing fossils which 
are replaced by silica. The fossils were of a beautiful 'pink color, 
probably due to iron. 


99.74 

95.20 

1.47 




























304 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.16 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 38.1-6 

Silica, Si0 2 . 12.16 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .34 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .56 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .22 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 47.98 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .38 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .04 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .01 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total . 100.01 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 85.56 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . .80 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 86.36 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


November 7, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3283.—“Light pink oolite, lower 4 ft. of Mt. 
Vernon bed. Ste. Genevieve limestone, No. 10 of section. Sparks’ 
quarry, 2 miles northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. 
Collected by F. J. Fohs, August, 1910.” 

Average sample of yellow, oolitic limestone having a rather sandy 
feel. A rather friable, impure looking stone. 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture .. q.04 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) .. 44.08 

Silica, SiO, . 1.60 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 .....’. .31 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .24 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .36 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 45.36 

Magnesium oxid, MgO .'. 7.75 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .05 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .02 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 

t 1 

Total . 99 . 8 I 


































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


305 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 81.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 16.25 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 97.25 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


November 7, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3282.—“White oolitic limestone from lower 214 
ft. of upper half, 4 ft. of Mt. Vernon bed. Ste. Genevieve limestone. 
Sparks’ quarry, 2 miles northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, 
Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

White oolitic limestone, very much like the Bedford stone in 
appearance. A few crystals of calcite observed. A pure looking 
stone. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.03 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 


bined water, etc.) . 44.38 

Silica, Si0 2 . 74 

Alumina, AL0 3 . -21 

Ferric oxid, Fe._,0 3 . -04 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . -11 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 54.96 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .54 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .03 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .02 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . traces 


Total . 100.06 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 98.15 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.13 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 99.28 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


November 7, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3280.—“White oolitic limestone. Sparks’ bed. 
No. 18 of Mt. Vernon section of Ste. Genevieve. Thickness, 9 ft. 5 
ins. Sparks’ quarry, 2 miles northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle 
County, Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of light-gray limestone. 

A rather pure looking stone. 























306 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture ... 0.03 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.36 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.20 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .31 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .12 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .18 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.86 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 1.99 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .03 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .01 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 

- 1 - 

Total .'.. 100.09 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 94.40 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 4.18 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 98.58 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 5, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3279.—“Semi-lithographic limestone, upper lay¬ 
ers brecciated. Flint bands in upper part. Thickness 5 ft. 6 ins. No. 
15 of Mt. Vernon, Ste. Genevieve limestone section. Sparks’ quarry, 
2 miles northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected 
by F. J. Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of yellowish-gray, flinty 
limestone having a conchoidal fracture. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.15 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 40.99 

Silica, Si0 2 . 6.28 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 05 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 44 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 51.13 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . ^2 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . 09 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .04 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Total . 99.49 


































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


307 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 91.31 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.30 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 92.61 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 5, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3275.—“Gray oolite, thickness 8 ins. No. 9 of 
Mt. Vernon section of Ste. Genevieve limestone. Sparks’ quarry, 2 
miles northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected by 
F. J. Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

Average sample of dark oolitic limestone. A very impure look¬ 


ing stone. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.12 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.24 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.48 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1.05 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .04 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .18 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.43 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .69 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .09 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .07 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . trace 

-1 

Total . 100.39 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the * * 

calcium oxid . 93.63 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1-45 

J- 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.08 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 5, 19ll. 

Laboratory No. G-3272.—“Laminated compact granular limestone. 
Thickness 2 ft. 6 ins. No. 27 of Mt. Vernon, Ste. Genevieve section. 
Sparks’ quarry, 2 miles northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, 
Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium and small sized lumps of dark-gray 
limestone having streaks of green in places. A rather fine-grained 

stone. 






















308 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.16 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.36 

Silica, Si0 2 . 4.42 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 1.58 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3) . .20 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .18 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 50.82 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .91 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . .06 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .04 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . trace 


Total . 99.73 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 90.75 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 1.91 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 92.66 
(Analysis by J. S. Mcllargue.) 


January 5, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3270.—“Gray, coarsely crystalline limestone, 
somewhat compact at the base, with pentremites phriformis. Thick¬ 
ness 4 ft. Basal bed of Tribune limestone. Sparks’ quarry, 2 miles 
northeast of Mt. Vernon, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected by F. J. 
Fohs, August 9, 1910.” 

Average sample of dark gray, medium sized lumps of hard, flinty 
limestone having a conclioidal fracture. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.09 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.83 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.70 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . .13 

Ferric oxid, Fe 3 0 3 . .72 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.86 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .71 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P,0 3 . .09 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 04 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . trace 

Total . 99.39 































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


309 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 94.40 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.49 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.89 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


September 16, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3256.—“Compact, crystalline limestone. Thick¬ 
ness 5 ft. 8 ins., from above main Lithostrotian beds of St. Louis lime¬ 
stone, Rockcastle County, Ky., one mile south of Wildie, on road east 
of L. & N. Railroad. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 4, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of dark gray lime¬ 
stone having a slight conchoidal fracture, some pieces being lighter 


colored than others. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.08 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.65 

Silica, Si0 3 . 2.82 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . 1.14 

Ferric oxid, Fe 3 0 3 . .32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .29 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 49.00 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 3.28 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . traces 


Total . 99.58 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 87.50 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 7.09 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 94.59 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


September 16, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3257.—“Dark oolite samples from outcropping 
beds of 62 ft. and 1 ft. compact limestone. Basal beds of Ste. Gen¬ 
evieve Limestone, Rockcastle County, Ky., 1*4 miles south of Wildie, 
on Mt. Vernon road, east of railroad, on hill. Collected by F. J. Fohs.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of light gray and some¬ 
what oolitic limestone containing some crystals of calcite and some 
brown particles which had the appearance of iron oxid. A very pure 
looking specimen. 
























310 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.13 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.90 

Silica, Si0 2 . 2.26 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .62 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .14 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.00 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .5-6 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P,0 5 . .04 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 


Total . 99.97 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 94.64 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO a , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.18 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.82 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

September 16, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3258.—“Compact, and compact-crystalline lime¬ 
stone with lithographic bed at base. Upper part of the St. Louis 
limestone. Thickness sampled 8 ft. 6 ins. Rockcastle County, Ky., 
y± mile south of Mullins Station, in railroad cut. Collected by F. J. 
Fohs, August 5, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of dark gray limestone, 
having an irregular fracture. A rather hard stone. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.10 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water,, etc.) . 42.06 

Silica, Si0 2 . 3.02 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1.08 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 10 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 14 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.40 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .67 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 

f. £ - 

Total . 99.63 


































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


311 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 93.57 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.41 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 94.98 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


September 16, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3259.—“Crystallized semi-oolitic limestone, fos- 
siliferous. Lower bed of Upper St. Louis, 4 ft. 5 ins. thick—4 ft. 
where sample was taken. Rockcastle County, Ky. From railroad 
cut 150 yards south of Mullins depot. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 
5, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of light gray, crystalline 
limestone having a slight vitreous appearance. Some crystals of 


calcite observed and some pieces exhibit weathering. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.09 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.50 

Silica, Si0 2 . 4.88 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1.14 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .24 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .14 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 51.20 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .50 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .06 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 


Total . 99.75 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 91.43 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid. 1.05 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 92.48 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


September 16, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3260.—“Dark gray oolite, 20 ft. of, above the 
basal 50 ft. of the Ste. Genevieve limestone, Rockcastle County, Ky., 
in railroad cut just north of road crossing at Sinks. Collected by 
F. J. Fohs, August 5, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of dark gray oolitic lime¬ 
stone. Some pieces show more oolites than others. 
























312 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.13 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 41.04 

Silica, Si0 2 . 5.60 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 1.44 

Ferric oxid, Fe 3 0 3 . .24 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .14 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 49.80 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .87 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P a 0 3 . .16 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 


Total . 99.42 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 88.93 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.83 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 90.76 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

September 16, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3261.—“Dark oolite from basal 49 ft. 2 ins. of 
Ste. Genevieve limestone, Rockcastle County, Ky., 2 miles south of 
Mullins Station, in railroad cut and north of road crossing at Sinks. 
Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 5, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of dark gray oolitic lime¬ 
stone, some of the lumps being lighter in color than others. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.08 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.40 

Silica, Si0 3 . 3.00 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . .43 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 08 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 22 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.40 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .54 

Phosphorus ipentoxid, P 3 0 5 . .07 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 

Total . 99.20 


































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


313 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 


calcium oxid . 93.57 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 1.13 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 94.70 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


September 16, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3263.—“White oolite, Sparks’ bed, Rockcastle 
County, Ky. Thickness 10 ft. In cut just south of road crossing at 
Sinks. Ste. Genevieve Limestone. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 
5, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of light gray limestone 
somewhat vitreous in appearance. A pure looking stone. 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.03 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.28 

Silica, SiCh . .94 

Alumina, AL0 3 . .06 

P'erric oxid, Fe 2 O s ..16 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .14 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.80 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 1.04 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 3 0 3 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . trace 

Titanium dioxid, TiCk . 0.00 

Strontium, Sr . trace 


Total . 99.45 

Calcium carbonate, CaCO s , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 9-6.07 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO ;; , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 2.18 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 98.25 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 4, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3265.—“Pentremites bed, gray crystalline lime¬ 
stone, base of Tribune limestone, mile south of road crossing at 
Sinks, Rockcastle County, Ky. Collected by F. J. Fohs, August 5, 
1910.” 

Average sample of dark gray, crystalline limestone. Medium 
sized lumps. 


























314 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. 

Moisture . 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 

Silica, Si0 2 . 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 3 0 3 . 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 


Per cent. 
0.15 

43.02 

1.34 

.24 

.08 

.22 

54.88 

.70 

.30 

.04 

0.00 


Total . 100.97 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 98.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.48 



Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 99.48 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 5, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3266.—“Crystalline, oolitic limestone with large 
crinoid stems which silicify on weathering. Upper 20 ft. 6 ins. of 
Tribune Limestone. *4 mile south of Sinks. Collected by F. J. Fohs, 
August 5, 1910.” 

Average sample of dark-gray limestone having a slight conchoidal 
fracture. Decidedly crystalline in character. Crinoid stems con¬ 
taining calcite. No oolites observed. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.09 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.15 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.44 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .60 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . .29 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 52.53 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .97 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .08 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . .03 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total 


99.50 
































ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


315 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 


calcium oxid . 93.80 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 2.03 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.83 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


January 5, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3268.—“Dark oolite. Cross bedded. Thickness 
20 ft. Quarried for lime at Dudley Station, Rockcastle County, Ky. 
Ste. Genevieve limestone. Bottom of quarry, 2 ft. above base. Col¬ 
lected by F. J. Fohs, August 0, 1910.” 

Average sample of medium sized lumps of dark oolitic limestone 
somewhat vitreous in appearance. 




Analysis of the air-dry sample. 

Moisture . 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) ... 

Silica, Si0 3 .. 

Alumina, AL0 3 . 

Ferric oxid, Fe a 0 3 . 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 3 . 


Per cent. 
0.14 

41.48 

4.42 

1.12 

.28 

.18 

51.80 

.70 

.12 

.07 

trace 


Total . 100.37 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 92.50 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1.47 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 93.97 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

ROWAN COUNTY 

Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. A, Part 2, page 238. 
No. 2429.—Sandstone: “From the base of the Waverly formation. 
Sample supplied by the Freestone Company: Tyler, President. Taken 
from quarry near Farmer’s Station, on the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail¬ 
road, thirty-five miles beyond Mt. Sterling. Brought by Mr. W. W. 
Monroe.” 
























316 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


A fine-grained sandstone of a handsome light-gray color on the 
recently exposed surfaces, showing a few minute spangles of mica. 
Adheres to the tongue. Stained light ochreous and brownish on the 
weathered surfaces. Showing no fossil remains, but Spirophyton 
cauda-galli (Hall) on one of its surfaces. This rock is used in the 
construction of the new courthouse at Lexington. 

Specific gravity about 2.50. (This is somewhat difficult to take 
in lump, because it absorbs water.) 

Composition (Air-dried). 

Per cent. 


Sand and insoluble silicates . 93.128 

Iron carbonate . 2.336 

Lime carbonate . .578 

Magnesia carbonate . .256 

Alumina, phosphoric acid, etc. 1.188 

Moisture and loss . 2.514 


Total . 100.000 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., page 252. 

No. 1221.—Sandstone. Labeled “Knob Building Stone; mouth 
of Triplett creek, edge of Rowan County, Ky.” 

A fine-grained, gray sandstone. Adheres to the tongue. Powder 
pearly white. Specific gravity, 2.539. 

Dried at 212°, its powder lost 0.40 per cent of moisture. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Sand and insoluble silicates . 90.240 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... 3.965 

Carbonate of lime . 1.480 

Magnesia .932 

Phosphoric acid . .117 

Sulphuric acid . .269 

Potash .336 

Soda .089 

Water, expelled at a red heat . 2.900 


Total . 100.328 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


May 1, 1908. 

Laboratory No. G-2855.—Sandstone from the Rowan County Free¬ 
stone Company, Farmers, Ky. 

The sample consisted of several thin sawed strips of fine-grained, 
bluish-gray sandstone. 





















ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


317 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 3.20 

Silica, SiO. . 83.54 

Alumina, ALO a . ) 9 86 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . ) 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 101 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . trace 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiCh . 0.00 

Potash, K.O . 1-32 

Sodium oxid, Na 2 0 . -36 


Total . 99.29 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . t . 0.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 0.00 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

SIMPSON COUNTY 

March 18, 1909. 

Laboratory No. G-3041.—Limestone sent by the Franklin Con¬ 
crete Company of Franklin, Simpson County, Ky. The sample con¬ 
sisted of a small cubical block of gray limestone containing rather 
large flat crystals of calcite. A very pure looking limestone. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . ^.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.50 

Silica, Si0 2 . -90 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . *19 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . -H 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0-00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 54.60 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .83 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 .. 0.00 


Total 


100.13 



































318 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 97.50 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 1-74 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 99.24 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


March 18, 1909. 

Laboratory No. G-3040.—“Limestone sent by the Franklin Cement 
Company of Franklin, Simpson County, Ky. The specimen consisted 
of a small cubical block of rather hard, grayish limestone.” 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture .^. 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.24 

Silica, Si0 2 . 2.*68 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .38 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 47.60 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 5.42 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Total . 99.64 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 85.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 11.38 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 96.38 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 

TRIGG COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., pages 262-3. 

No. 1246.—Limestone. Labeled “Gray limestone used as a flux 
at Fulton Furnace. Found near the Furnace.” 

A gray, fossiliferous, fine-grained limestone; glimmering with 
small facets of calc. spar. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 88.180 

Carbonate of magnesia . 4.335 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .280 

Phosphoric acid . trace 

Sulphuric acid .180 



























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


319 


Potash . .251 

Soda . .054 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 9.520 


Total . 102.800 

Moisture expelled at a red heat . 0.200 

Percentage of pure lime . 49.487 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 92.515 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


TRIMBLE COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 1, O. S., pages 358-9. 

No. 164.—Limestone. Labeled “Marble, Corn Creek, on the Ohio 
River opposite to Marble Hill, the quarry of Conchitie Marble of 
Messrs. Wm. W. Dean & Co., in Jefferson County, Indiana, thirty 
miles above Louisville; supposed to be of the same kind. Quarry of 
Dr. Hopson.” 

This rock is of a warm, or drab-gray color, 'presenting a granular 
crystalline structure, containing many fragments of shells, especially 
of Murchisonia bellicincta; and very small portions of coral—prob¬ 
ably Chaetetes lycoperdon —cemented by pure minute crystals of cal¬ 
careous spar, which form the principal mass of the rock. Some of 
the fragments of fossils have a pink color; the cavities of some of 
the shells are filled with beautifully clear, colorless calcareous spar; 
in others the spar filling them is colored of a pinkish-brown, or flesh 
color by oxide or carbonate of iron; which appears occasionally in 
the stone in small spots and patches. On one of the specimens there 
is the fragment of a bi-valve shell, and in another two portions of 
Orthocerae. The weathered surfaces are remarkably even, and free 


from fissures, and indicate great durability. 

Its composition was found to be as follows: 

Specific gravity, 2.704. 

* Per cent. 

Carbonate of lime .-. 96.03 

Carbonate of magnesia . .74 

Carbonate of iron . 1.09 

Phosphate of lime . 1.19 

Alumina . .16 

Insoluble earthy matter (silica, etc.) . .66 

Moisture . .06 

Oxid of manganese. trace 

Loss . 07 

f*. 

Total . 100.00 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 96.77 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 
























320 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


UNION COUNTY 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 4, O. S., page 210. 

No. 1117.—Sandstone. “Used for Hearthstone at Suwannee Fur¬ 
nace, brought from Caseyville, Union County, Ky.” 

A friable, light-gray sandstone. Some yellowish ferruginous bands 
in parts. Under the lens, it appears made up of small clear rounded 
quartz grains, with no cement. Some few small black specks, and 
minute scales of mica in it, and some of the grains are discolored 
with oxid of iron. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Sand and insoluble silicates . 98.080 

Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese.... .440 

Lime . trace 

Magnesia . .466 

Phosphoric acid . trace 

Sulphuric acid . .06-8 

Potash .328 

Soda . .255 

Water, expelled at a red heat. .600 


Total . 100.235 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 


WARREN COUNTY 

March 18, 1909. 

Laboratory No. G-3030.—Limestone sent by the Franklin Con¬ 
crete Company of Franklin, Simpson County, Ivy., from their quarry 
near Woodburn, Warren County, Ky. The sample consisted of a 
small cubical block of gray limestone containing rather large, flat 
crystals of calcite. A very pure looking stone much softer than either 
of the other three specimens of stone sent with it. (See G-3027.) 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 


Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 


bined water, etc.) . 43.50 

Silica, Si0 2 . .90 

Alumina, A1,0 3 . .19 

Ferric oxid, Fe.,0 3 . .11 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 54.60 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .83 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 


Total 


100.13 


























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


321 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 


calcium oxid . 97.50 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid .;. 1.74 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 99.24 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


March 18, 1909. 

Laboratory No. G-3027.—Limestone sent by the Franklin Con¬ 
crete Company of Franklin, Simpson County, Ky., from their quarry 
near Woodburn, Warren County, Ky. The sample consisted of a 
small cubical block of gray looking limestone having a slight con- 


choidal fracture, very compact. 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 42.46 

Silica, Si0 2 . 4.12 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .76 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 47.50 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 4.93 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . 0.00 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 

Total . 100.25 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 84.82 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 10.35 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 95.17 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


WAYNE COUNTY 

August 19, 1910. 

Laboratory No. G-3229.—“Sample of limestone from Wayne 
County, Ky., near Oz,” sent by the Stearns Coal Company at Stearns, 
Ky., about May 25, 1910. The sample consisted of three rather large 
sized lumps and a few small sized lumps of gray limestone. A rather 
hard stone and breaks with an irregular fracture. Some small streaks 
of phosphate present. Some sand and clay adhering to the stones 
was washed before crushing. 


B. S—11. 























322 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.09 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.34 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.66 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 . .12 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .32 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.50 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 1.17 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 5 . trace 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . trace 


Total . 100.20 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 95.53 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 2.46 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 97.99 

(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


WOODFORD COUNTY 

November 8, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3445.—“Glenn Creek. A short distance west 
of the Old Crow Distillery a road stars off southward up the hill. 
Lower part of the Paris bed, from 9-25 ft. below the Stropliomena 
Vicina horizon. 3 y 2 lbs. of light-gray crystalline limestone. Collected 
by Foerste, 1911.” 

Analysis of the air-dry sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.00 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 43.26 

Silica, Si0 2 . 1.00 

Alumina, A1 2 0 3 .;. 0.00 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 . .48 

Ferrous oxid, FeO . 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 53.93 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . .96 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P 2 0 3 . .42 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, Ti0 2 . 0.00 

Total . 100.05 






























ANALYSES OF BUILDING STONES 


323 


Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 96.30 

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO s , equivalent to 
the magnesium oxid . 2.00 


Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 98.30 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


October 29, 1911. 

Laboratory No. G-3426.—“From railroad cut at Versailles, Ky., 
on the railroad from Versailles to Frankfort, Ky. Here the railroad 
'passes by means of a concrete bridge under the Frankfort pike. Eight- 
foot section, from 19-27 ft. below the base of the arch at the cement 
bridge. Gray limestone. Collected by A. F. Foerste.” 


Analysis of the air-drv sample. Per cent. 

Moisture . 0.06 

Ignition (carbon dioxid, organic matter, com¬ 
bined water, etc.) . 40.32 

Silica, SiO. ..A. 3.96 

Alumina, AL0 3 . .19 

Ferric oxid, Fe 2 0 3 .....'. .64 

Ferrous oxid, FeO ...,. 0.00 

Calcium oxid, CaO . 49.84 

Magnesium oxid, MgO . 2.81 

Phosphorus pentoxid, P,0 3 . 1.40 

Sulfur trioxid, S0 3 . 0.00 

Titanium dioxid, TiO, . 0.00 


Total . 99.22 

Calcium carbonate, CaC0 3 , equivalent to the 

calcium oxid . 89.00 

Magnesium carbonate, MgC0 3 , equivalent to 

the magnesium oxid . 5.90 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates 94.90 
(Analysis by J. S. McHargue.) 


Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Vol. 2, O. S., page 280. 

No. 548.—Limestone. Labeled “Hill at Sryock’s ferry, Woodford 
County, Ky. (Birdseye Limestone of the Lower Silurian Formation.)” 

A compact, very fine grained rock, with casts of fucoid stems (?) 
passing perpendicularly through it, which are filled with pure cal¬ 
careous spar; of a handsome yellowish-gray color, powder white. 
Specific gravity, 2.705. 























324 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 94.75* 

Carbonate of magnesia . 1.9-6 

Alumina, and oxid of iron, etc. .63 

Phosphoric acid . trace 

Sulphuric acid . .30 

Potash . .23 

Soda .32 

Silica and insoluble silicates . 2.18 

Total . 100.37 


The air-dried rock lost 0.20 per cent of moisture at 212° F. 

*Equivalent to 53.17% of lime. 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates, 96.71. 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 

From Kentucky Geological Survey Reports, Yol. 3, O. S., page 409. 

No. 776.—Limestone. Labeled “Lowest rock in the bluff at 
Shryock’s ferry; Kentucky River; Versailles road, Woodford County, 
Kentucky. Lower Silurian formation.” 

A grayish drab-colored, fine-granular limestone; homogeneous in 
structure; with no appearance of fossils in the specimen analyzed. 
Under the lens appearing to be made up of pretty pure, fine, crystal¬ 
line grains. Powder yellowish-white. 

Specific gravity, 2.655. 

Dried at 212° F., the powdered rock lost 0.40 per cent of moisture. 

Composition, dried at 212° F. 

Per cent. 


Carbonate of lime . 59.86* 

Carbonate of magnesia . 36.64f 

Alumina, oxides of iron and manganese, and 

phosphates . .98 

Sulphuric acid . .16 

Potash . .40 

Soda . .08 

Silex and insoluble silicates . 2.48 

Total . 100.60 

Total calcium and magnesium carbonates. 96.50 


A pretty pure magnesian limestone, which promises to be a dura¬ 
ble building material; resembles, in composition, the building stone 
from Grimes’ and the neighboring quarries in Fayette County, on the 
Kentucky river. 

*Equivalent to 33.59% of lime. 

•{-Equivalent to 17.44% of magnesia. 

(Analysis by Dr. Robert Peter.) 























CHAPTER XII. 

RESUME AND VOLUME OF PRODUCTION 

The Commonwealth of Kentucky has between 600 and 700 
quarries, most of which have been active during* the past five 
years. Some of the quarries listed were active many years ago 
and are now idle, not because the stone was exhausted, but for 
various other reasons- Some quarries are opened for road work, 
and as soon as the permanent road in the immediate neighbor¬ 
hood has been constructed, the quarry becomes inactive, to 
reduce the cost of haulage to a minimum, and a new and more 
accessible quarry is opened. It therefore follows that any list of 
quarries that may be compiled will be subject to continuous 
changes, for new quarries are being opened every year. The 
quarry prospects that have been visited by, or cited to, the 
author exceed one hundred. 

It must not be expected that all the quarries listed as good 
road stone have passed the tests required by the State testing 
laboratory at Lexington under the direction of Prof. D. V. 
Terrell. Some of them may never have been examined in the 
laboratory. The conclusions are, therefore, drawn: (1) From 
reports from the laboratory at Lexington: (2) From reports of 
officials of the Good Roads Department: (3) From reports of 
county road engineers: (4) From reports of county judges: 
(5) From examination of the wear of the stone on roads where 
it has been used: and (6) From the toughness, compactness, 
angular fracture, and the interlocking of the grains and crystals 
in the rock, as seen at the quarry. 

The better building stones of the State naturally group 
themselves into districts, in which the building stones of each 
district have certain characteristics in common. 

(1) Bowling Green district including the counties adja¬ 
cent to Warren County wherever the oolitic limestone is thick 
bedded. 

(2) The Kentucky River district including all sections 
along the Kentucky River where erosion has been carried down¬ 
ward to the beds of the Oregon and Tyrone formations, known 
respectively as the Kentucky River Marble and Kentucky 
Marble. 


326 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


(3) The Louisville district, where thick bedded limestones 
are extensively quarried. 

(4) The Central Bluegrass district, exclusive of the Ore¬ 
gon and Tyrone formations. 

(5) The Rowan County district, which has furnished such 
a large supply of sandstone for constructional work. 

(6) The Rockcastle County district with sandstones of 
younger age than those in Rowan County. 

(7) The Big Sandy district, where there are several sand¬ 
stones that constitute good building stone. 

Aside from these districts, there are several isolated areas 
where good building stone for local use has been quarried. 

The rocks that may be classified as marbles either com¬ 
mercially or mineralogicallv have been found in more than 25 
counties in terranes of the Ordovician and Mississippian systems. 
The samples that have been polished and are now on exhibition 
in the museum of the Kentucky Geological Survey testify to the 
possibility of a large marble industry within the State. 

The Mexican onyx, or onyx marble, of Barren, Edmonson, 
Hart and Metcalfe counties should not be overlooked as a com¬ 
mercial possibility. 

The value of the products quarried and consumed within 
the State in the numerous uses of stone is very large, but the 
actual figures would be almost impossible to compile. The United 
States Geological Survey, under the direction of M. R. Camp¬ 
bell, has compiled the following important data concerning the 
output of stone from Kentucky as given on pp. 328-332. 

Mr. G. B. Scott of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad has kindly 
submitted the following list of- limestone quarries and manufacturers 
of ballast, building stone and agricultural limestone located on the 
Louisville and Nashville Railroad within the State of Kentucky: 


Station 

Name 

Postoffice 

Avoca . 

C. W. Bradshaw, Supt. L. & N. R. R. 

Louisville 

Benson . 

L. & N. R. R. 

Louisville 

Bowling Green .. 

Bowling Green White Stone Co. 

Bowling Green 

Bowling Green .. 

Kissler & Rigelwood . 

Bowling Green 

Dudley . 

Clark Co. Construe. Co. 

Winchester 

Elkton . 

Cartwright & Brannum . 

Elkton 























RESUME AND VOLUME OF PRODUCTION 


327 


Station 

Name 

Postoffice 

Glasgow . 

Harris Lime Stone Co. 

Glasgow 

Glasgow . 

A. L. Harris . 

Glasgow 

Glasgow . 

Dickinson Bros. 

Glasgow 

Hopkinsville . 

Hopkinsville Stone Co. 

Hopkinsville 

Hopkinsville 

W. S. Davidson . 

Hopkinsville 

Hopkinsville 

Planters Hardware Co. 

Hopkinsville 

Lexington .. 

City Work House. 

Lexington 

Memphis Junct’n 

Bowling Green Whitehouse Quarry 



of Kentucky . 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Trent 

Price Stone & Lime Co. 

Middlesboro 

Mt Vernon 

W. J. Sparks . 

Mt. Vernon 

Mt Vernon 

Fred Kreuger . 

Mt. Vernon 

Russellville 

Davis Co. Rock Quarry Co. 

Russellville 

Spark Quarry .... 

W. J. Sparks . 

Mt. Vernon 

Union 

Brown-Goodin Co. 

Upton 

Vileys . 

Home Construction Co. 

Lexington 

Winchester . 

Clark Co. Construe. Co. 

Winchester 












































328 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


PRODUCTION OF STONE IN KENTUCKY 

Bv A. T. Coons 

The figures given below showing the statistics of stone pro¬ 
duction in Kentucky for a series of years are compiled from 
the annual reports of Mineral Resources of the United States 
published by the United States Geological Survey. 

The stone production of this state did not assume propor¬ 
tions of any considerable magnitude until about 1900 when the 
crushed stone industry through an impetus of road building 
began to increase throughout the entire country. According to 
the Tenth Census Report there were four limestone quarries in 
operation in Kentucky in 1850-1858 and four more opened be¬ 
tween 1860 and 1870, but none of these was in the famous Bowl¬ 
ing Green tract, where the first quarry of importance was opened 
in 1872 by the Belknap-Dunnsville Stone Company. In 1880 this 
stone had become sufficiently popular to be shipped as far east 
as New York. In 1890 there were sixty-five quarries in opera¬ 
tion in the State as reported by the Eleventh Census, of which 
fifty-four were limestone and eleven sandstone. In 1916, at 
the time the crushed stone industry was at its peak for this State, 
there were one hundred and nineteen quarries in operation. 
In 1921 eighty-one quarries reported production of stone. The 
figures presented below are chiefly for sandstone and limestone. 
From 1907 to 1915, a quantity of marble (onyx) was produced 
annually at Cave City, Barren County, and the output of this 
quarry is included with the totals for those years. 


Limestone 

The oolitic limestone quarried near Bowling Green, Warren 
County, is well known to the building stone trade. Although 
the first important quarry was opened in 1872, stone was first 
quarried here in a primitive manner in 1833, according to 
Wm. C. Day A 

Besides local and State markets this stone has been shipped 
to all the large eastern cities for building work and also to 
many southern and central cities and towns. 

*Day, Wm. C., Min. Resources of the United States, U. S. G. S. Dent, 
of Interior. 1889-iSEO, p. 3%. 




PRODUCTION OF STONE IN KENTUCKY 


329 


It is chiefly sold for building work, but its light color and 
adaptability to carving makes it popular for ornamental and 
monumental work. 


Building Stone 

The stone at present quarried in Kentucky finds its greatest 
market in the form of crushed stone, but there are three building 
stone districts of considerable importance and the statistics of 
these districts are given for a series of years. 

Sandstone 

Sandstone is quarried at Wildie (Langford), Rockcastle 
County, by the Kentucky Freestone Company, for trimmings, 
sills, coping and small parts for buildings, and in Rowan County, 
the Rowan County Freestone Company, and the Bluegrass 
Quarries Company at Farmers, and the Kentucky Bluestone 
Company at Bluestone are the active producers. A large part 
of this sandstone is sold as sawed stone, but it is well adapted 
to cut stone, and while the principal market is in Kentucky, 
it is largely used in Ohio—especially Cincinnati—and has been 
shipped to Canada, New York, North Carolina, Texas, West 
Virginia, and other States. The stone is very fine grained and 
can be rubbed to a very good finish, but not polished. In this 
form it finds use in interior work especially for mantels. It is 
also sold for curbing, flagging, riprap and crushed stone. In 
the following table the figures for the two counties are combined 
in order to conceal the production in Rockcastle County. 


Production of Stone in Kentucky, 1890-1921, Inclusive. 


Year 

Number of 

Plants 

• 

Approximate 
Short Tons 

Value 

1890 

65 


$421,254 

1891 



330,000 

1892 



340,000 

1893 



221,000 

1894 



123,022 

1895 



142,022 

1896 



129,295 

1897 



74,232 

1898 



145,612 






























330 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Year 

Number of 
Plants 

Approximate 
Short Tons 

Value 

1899 



286,171 

1900 



226,037 

1901 



295,536 

1902 

79 


706,324 

1903 



789,344 

1904 



786,039 

1905 



1,025,044 

1906 



920,531 

1907 

. 


1,022,450 

190S 



893,447 

1909 

90 


1,000,709 

1910 



1,073,588 

1911 



1,627,609 

1912 

100 


1,282,148 

1913 

92 


1,150,205 

1914 

94 


1,257,722 

1915 

98 


1,071,052 

1916 

119 

2,190,600 

1,429,838 

1917 

90 

1,582,000 

1,118,434 

1918 

64 

1,017,000 

970,494 

1919 

74 

1,215,330 

1,447,352 

1920 

82 

1,422,530 

1,756,176 

1921 

81 

1,573,750 

1,877,487 


Limestone Produced in Warren County, Ky., 1909-1921, Inclusive. 


VI? A T> 

Building and Monu¬ 
mental Stone (rough 
and dressed) 

Other* 

Total 






Approx- 


- 

Cubic Feet 

. i 

Value 

Short Tons 

Value 

imate 
Short Tons 

Value 

1909. 

277,600 

$123,925 

67,000 

$55,717 

90,000 

$179,642 - 

1910.:.... 

294,700 

113,491 

110,700 

53,116 

135,000 

166,607 

1911. 

237,510 

122,381 

58,000 

26,171 

77,000 

148,552 

1912. 

263,020 

1-52,412 

39,000 

19,453 

61,000 

171,S65 

1913. 

206,490 

110,638 

39,000 

22.521 

56,000 

133,159 

1914. 

185,320 

96,335 

39,000 

22,344 

54,000 

118,679 

1915. 

185,750 

88,117 

. 18,000 

8,639 

33,000 

96,756 

1916. 

256,710 

119,700 

16,000 

16,493 

37,000 

136,193 

1917. 

201,580 

107,279 

22,540 

20,240 

39,000 

127j519 

1918. 

88,580 

58,732 

2,470 

2,684 

9,800 

61,416 

1919. 

108,320 

100, S17 

7,540 

10.732 

16,500 

111,549 

1920. 

98,700 

123,010 

7,480 

12,420 

15,600 

135,430 

1921. 

128,000 

170,540 

6,230 

5, m 

16,800 

176,380 


* Other includes riprap, rubble, crushed stone, curbing-, flagging and 
fluxing stone. 












































































Limestone Quarried in Kentucky, 1890-1921, By Uses. 


PRODUCTION OF STONE IN KENTUCKY 


331 


d 

o 

Eh 


u, 

0) 


<u 

*■> 

3 

o 

•r^ 

u 

04) 

< 


x 

p 

s 


5 w 

2.5 


d 


c3 

PQ 


'O _ 
C C3 
rt 4 -< 

a; 

<K 

~ rp 

O o3 

C O 

pci 


a c> 

g-aS 

d p 

Ch tf 


c 

cS 33 

<u 

r- M 

tub® 
p m p Z 
pq ot3 


be 

P o> 

s s. 


9n I»A 


suox 

IJoqs 

aiBun 

-xo.icldv 


aniBA 


suox 

1-IOLIS 


eniBA 


suox 


aniBA 


suox 

.guoT 


aniBA 


suox 

1-ioqs 


aniBA 


suox 

Ijoiis 


aniBA 


suox 

Uoiis 


aniBA 


laa^T 

oiqno 


HVEIA 


>'*C5©O0-'3©0Ocxir'-t'-0GL£5l' , 5 

fOOSQHOCgC^OHo5c']t>5 5^^4^irtOGO>>DHHOOfONCO!S5l;'-S 

MOiflfotd't-'os'fcowos'r^i-* 

O p t- o 35 H M M l' 'J5 to ce ■ 

Cg ~ 1 NW Hrt HHH 


§ 00000 
oo38m 

oo o o' o' lo co 

C-NOOO) Ol 

O lo 05 cvl CO ICS 

W tH t—I T—r r-T 


:N0C0iWO9ClrHHC0 

lOi^eoooopoj^^rH 


JfJnMHOWT —--- ■ 

i 00 


WW r I r i- 1 WN 1—3 UN* r~> '-SJ “ ~T I r —1 

'TWO 5 Hl'»|>(NN'tWt'®-t , ®' 1 '^I , 0001 NWC 0 OC 0 

^gOOrHGjg« 4 ' 05 «©gCa 5 ,Htf 5 eo‘lO > 


;mn«3ooohioioqV 
. €>0- ri CO TT CO CO w in M 


3 3 3 8 S 8 

© O © "S' © T-( 

05 05 rH of r-T t- 


oiooo'it' 

5500 l- © 


Ol CO t- LO 00 
OOtfrt-t 
T» , C5tcO«rtl>© 

O CO T-f 1(0 Ol o' (35 00 OO 
rH Cl CO CO C l O' ) U5 CO i—l 


O O O O o o 

ION®!' co fc- 

O t" 05 rf o © 

-r lo' C<f rH rf'co 
CCMrHCOlMH 


•g<OOa5T-ioocoootTOO©o'0©o}cO'3't-co©oot'-05tr© 
OHcoi-^Moioot-Nc^i'KoooMcn'® k'iooci 

0^fCXlC<)C<IL^-05'^i^t'TjiC~T^'^'C<IOOO->C , OCOC\|SxlOOOO 


C«> CO t* 

_ . rH t-H 

00 O lD CO * 

co" CD o' CD L-" ^ io" o{ L-* 1 in' V ri o' Ci CC aT cq r-T Os' HCO h I 

60- T—I rH r—( H H rlHHri H Cl H ^ r— irD * 


OOoOOOOOOOoOOOOOOOO 
»o o 5 io io ci io r. co ^ *o l— lq oi 01 lo lo 
cocooiooir-ciaiacoiorHcoas^csasON# 

?P CO oo* O W* 1 H H GO CO H ^ Oi « OJ Ji" ^ W rr # 

rOCOHM^MCOlMHHHHHCOW^lO rHI ^ * 




oq 

CD 


ftOOHCOHC^^lHClCfiClt-- 


* Oi^Tj'O 

04 t— qp GO__ 

69 - t—« oq oq oq oq 


(M Clio H 05 C5 Cl lO r- IQ 00 H CO IQ Cl 

-- ■ oq »,o co t>- lT 


* ^t^cp^i^^rcjcogjjH-TL^^r^ 


) co ^ ^ co co co o: 


1(0 rH » c 

co i35 co to 


§8383^°° 


ro O CO Ol i 

'OWHOlO! 


O o o o o o' 

^^^lOQGCCq 
00 15- ■'C -f -T 1 rl CO 


OC0r-(LC0O-C , -f-tLC0C\|O(0l7-HL'-5Ca5ll0 
O CO 05 OJ 05 OJ 00 Ol 05 «© CO O Ol <05 05 05 

®li5®iS®t't'O05T»'L'-a0t'l0t-®® 


ugu. 


_ r coioO 

^ CO Oi 00 CO 
OO t'- t-H 00 


* * * * 

^rr HCDlOOOH^L-’f ( 
«e- # T—l THI-Hioqc^oqcoc 
* * * 

* * 


5 O 75 drfODJih*rH^aiC 5 ^ 0 C 
) 01 co h O ry-j L- no Oi IQ oq I - CD 'X) 
DcocoLO^rcoco^rcD^r^TLDt^ai 


oooooooooooo^oooo 

o lo tt lo ^ j; co co co -2 co *—■ fS o 11- o oa 

o O lO Oi LO rH OO CO O O cc Oi 00 Q l> 

aT o' crT»c o f go o ^ o' r-T co" co o' of o 
00rH00<ML'-Ot s -t^?CM5^r»o5S050000O5 
■ " ^ ... O O c- O ^ CO CO ID t- 


coai'Oio^t^L*^? 


^ O Q Q Q o Tf Cl M - C l- O M i- ic H CO Ifl H ic 

iHOOQ'^OOCOHDl'-t^W^DlOOOOCl^lC 
i in ,r~5 in rvi .—r rv_i rvi r—< N O 1(0 H co 


O -t- L - 


(JJHOOQ^OOCCHC^P-I^LnCCOJlOOOQCl'^lCO'' . 
lOlOlDLOiO'MHWiMHDCCt^ClCClCL-OlOHcDrHCiW 

* L- of LD of LO 00 r-T <0 rH I - CD L-" 00 LO L— lo" l>-" CD CD CD ID L-" 

rH oq rH T—( rH 04 HMO1C0 ^ttI>O1C0COC0cOO1C0 


^■^^OOO 

O ^ Ol O 1 Ol TT« 
CD O r-1 oq rt' CD 

LO 00 LO LD 


CO CO < 


DO 'OO t'« CO O -H CO LO u- ^ H LO CG H 00 GO CD CO H CO Ol L- H O T O O 

,-H H ' r T CG Ol oq CD I - OO CO CO CO C/D Ol l— LO O O o O CG W Ol 04 CD l'- 

r -1 O 'X d 6 O -H H* H t- o CO cq Ol CDCOQ^OClQCOC^LO^OCO 

cd co of r- o' rtf h of oq" of of oo h rf co" cd" co" rf o" co cd" of o -r" t —" co 

^rrHCldOCiLOOII-COl^Ol-OlwlCDl>>OfOlH , Tr^DrH(M^ 
60- rH H rH tH HHnrHClHHHHHrrinHr-H r-lHrl 


QQOOQ( 

oOco^Oi 

O CD 04 CO CO < 


OO t-c 
O LO co < 
CO oq rH ( 


I OO LC 
) CO -T 


DrHOlCO^LOCDHCOOJOHClCO 

CjCJCiw^CJJJCiOCiOOO' 

COCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC^C^OT* 


lO CO I- OO Ji-O H ci M ^ lO CD N GO a:' 6 H 
OO'OOOHHHrHHHHHHOlCl 
ajJ5C505v5^SC105CiC^'J5Oi^C5 ( J50i0i 


♦Included under building-. 

♦♦Includes paving- and railroad ballast. 
♦♦♦Included under concrete and road material. 
♦♦♦♦Included under other. 














































































































































































































































































































































332 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


Sandstone Produced in Rockcastle and Rowan Counties, Ky., 

1916-1921. 



Sandstone Produced in Kentucky, 1890-1921. 


YEAR 

Building- Stone 
(rough and dressed) 

Other 

Total 

Cubic Fete 

1 

Value 

Approx¬ 
imate 
Short Tons 

1 

Value 

Approx¬ 
imate 
Short Tons 

Value 

1S90. 






$117,940 
80,000 

65,000 
18,000 
27,868 

25,000 

1891. 






1892. 






1893. 






1894. 






1895. 






1898. 






1897. 






40,000 
72,525 

119.982 

56,178 

108,259 
128,470 
93,742 
93,622 
280,579 
125,123 
98,450 
78,732 
90,835 
90,729 
97,439 
114,650 
81,171 
60,926 

70,164 
114,136 
96,117 
37,827 
89,734 
120,391 

121.982 

189S. 






1899. 


$116,832 
46,946 
100,569 
53,375 
75,197 
56,373 
105,342 
105,923 
75,380 
76,036 
89,442 
80,560 
91,461 
82,563 
72,157 
58,684 
59,984 
65,766 
53,276 
20,918 
84,312 
101,718 
92,244 


$3,150 
9,232 
■ 7,690 
*75,095 
18,545 
37,249 
*175,237 
19,200 
23,070 
2,696 
1,393 
10,169 
5,978 
32,087 
9.014 
2,242 
10,180 
**48,370 
42,841 
16,909 

5,422 
18,673 
29,738 


1900. 




1901. 




1902. 




1903. 




1904. 




1905. 




1906. 




1907. 




1908. 




1909 .... 




1910. 




1911 




1912 




1913.. 




1914 




1915 




1916 . 

1917 . 

1918 . 

1919 . 

1920 . 

1921 . 

121,000 
115,000 
51,440 
121,000 
97,430 
124,040 

**103,640 
52,500 
22,760 

4, SOO 
19,300 
39,690 

112,600 
62,000 
27,000 
14,720 
27,530 
49, SOO 


*Chiefly crushed stone. 
**Chiefly riprap. 

















































































































































































CHAPTER XIII 

BIBLIOGRAPHY OP BUILDING STONES 


The bibliography submitted herewith is believed to be 
fairly complete for limestones, dolomites and marbles. This is 
essential because these types of building’ stone represent the 
most prominent constructional stone in Kentucky. The bibliog¬ 
raphy is not complete for granite and slate, but it includes many 
of the more important works relating to the granite and slate 
industry. 

A 

1. ADAMS, F. D., and COKER, E. G. 

Experimental investigation of the compressibility and 
plastic deformation of certain rocks; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 
Yol. 16, 1905. 

2. ADAMS, F. D., assisted by COKER, E. G. 

An experimental investigation into the flow of rocks. The 
flow of marble; Am. Journal of Science, 4tli Series, Vol. 29, 
1910, pp. 465-487. 

3. ADAMS, F. D., and NICHOLSON, J. T. 

An experimental investigation into the flow of marble; Phil. 
Trans. Royal Soc., London, Vol. 195, Pt. A, 1901, pp. 3-63-401. 

4. (ANONYMOUS.) 

The marbles of Greece used in the United States; Stone, 
Vol. 29, 1908, pp. 301-303. 

5. (ANONYMOUS.) 

Marble in Newfoundland; The Quarry, March, 1912, p. 76. 

6. (ANONYMOUS.) 

Marbles of California; Bull. Col. State Min. Bur., No. 38, 

1906, pp. 96-124. 

7. ASBURY, L. E. 

The structural and industrial materials of California; 1906. 

B ' ' 

8. BAKER, E. R., and DAVIDSON, A. R. 

The strength and weathering qualities of Vermont roofing- 
slates; Ann. Rpt. State Geologist, 1912. 

9. BAKER, R. T. 

Building and monumental stones of New South Wales, 2nd 
Edition; Technology Museum, Sydney, 1909. 

10. BARNUM, I. 

Slate mining versus quarrying; Stone, Vol. 28, pp. 219-227, 

1907. 


334 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


11. BARTLETT, W. C. 

Experiments on the expansion and contraction of building 
stones by variations of temperature; Am. Jour. Sci., 1st 
Ser., Vol. 22, 1832, pp. 136-140. 

» , • • * - * . - • r » 

12. BAYLEY, W. S. 

Slate from Monson, Piscataquis County, Maine; U. S. Geol. 
Survey Bull. 150, 1898. 

13. BEARE, T. H. 

Building stones of Great Britain; London, 1892. 

14. BECKER, ARTHUR. 

Ueber die schmelzbarkeit des kohlensauren kalkes; Min. 
pet. Mitt., Ueue Folge, Yol. 7, 1886, pp. 122-145. 

15. BECKER, G. F. 

Monograph VIII, U. S. Geol. Survey; Origin of concretions, 
weathering, alterations of sandstones, 1888. 

16. BLOCK, J. 

Die Tiroler Marmor-Lager; Sitzungsb. Niederrhein. Gesell. 
Natur- u. Heilkunde, Bonn, 1906, pp. 77-82. 

17. BOHME,-. 

Untersuchungen von naturlichen Gesteinen; Mitt. Kgl. 
Versuchsanstalten, 2te Erganzungsheft, Berlin, 1889. 

18. BOWLES, OLIVER. 

Structural and ornamental stones of Minnesota; Bull. U. S. 
Geol. Survey, No. 663, 1918. 

19. BRINDLEY, W. 

Marble; The Quarry, Vol. 4, 1899, pp. 526-528. 

20. BRINSMADE, R. B. 

Marble quarrying at Gouverneur, N. Y.; Eng. and Min. 
Jour., Vol. 80, 1905, pp. 728-730. 

21. BRISTOL, W. A. 

High tension testing of Vermont slate and marble; Rpt. Vt. 
State Geol., 1912. 

22. BRUNNER, H. 

Valuation of roofing slates; Soc. Chem. Ind. Jour., Vol. 

23. BUCKLEY, E. R., and BUEHLER, H. A. 

The quarrying industry of Missouri; Missouri Geol. Survey, 
2nd Ser., Vol. 2, 1904. 

24. BUCKLEY, E. R. 

Building and ornamental stones of Wisconsin; 1898. 

25. BURCHARD, E. F. 

Marble resources of Ketchikan and Wrangell districts; 
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 542. Mineral resources of 
Alaska; Rpt. progress for 1912, 1913. 

26. BURNHAM, S. M. 

History and uses of limestones and marbles; Boston, 1883. 




BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUILDING STONES 


335 


27. BUTTS, CHARLES. 

Variegated marbles southeast of Calera, Shelby County,. 
Ala.; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 470, 1911, pp. 237-239. 

28. BUTTS, CHARLES. 

The Mississippian formations of western Kentucky; Rpt. 
Ky. Geol. Survey, 1918. 

29. BYRNE, P. 

Marble formations of the Cahaba River, Alabama; Eng. and 
Min. Jour., Vol. 72, 1901, p. 400. 

C 

30. CHAMBERLIN, T. C. 

Geology of Wisconsin; Vols. I and II; Madison, 1883. 

31. CHAMBERLIN, T. C., and SALISBURY, R. D. 

Geology, Vol. I, Geologic processes and their results; New 
York, 1904. 

32. CHAPMAN, L. 

Victorian limestones; Jour. Roy. Viet. Arch., Vol. X, No. 1,. 
1912, pp. 21-26 and pi. (includes decorative marbles). 

33. CLAPP, F. G. 

Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania; Bull. U. S. Geol. 
Survey No. 249, 1905. 

34. CLARK, W. B., and MATTHEWS, E. B. 

Report on the physical features of Maryland, together with 
an account of the exhibits made by the Maryland Geological 
Survey; Maryland Geol. Survey Special Pub., Vol. 6, Pts. 
1 and 2, Baltimore, 190*6. 

35. CLARKE, F. W. 

Analyses of rocks and minerals from the Laboratory of the 
U. S. Geol. Survey, 1880-1908; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 
419, 1910. Analyses by Eakins, Steiger and Schneider on 
p. 189. 

36. CLARKE, F. W. 

The data of geochemistry, 2nd Ed.; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey 
No. 491, 1911. 

37. CLUTE, F. P. 

History of the marble industry in Tennessee; Fifth Ann. 
Rpt. Bur. of Labor, Statistics and Mines, Nashville, 1896. 

38. COONS, ALTHA T. 

The stone industry in 1904; Min. Res. U. S., 1904. 

39. COONS, ALTHA T. 

Slate; U. S. Geol. Survey, Min. Res., 1904-1910. 

40. CROOK, T. 

On dedolimitization; Geol. Mag., London, Dec. 5, Vol. 8, 
1911, pp. 339-445. 

41. CRUMP, M. H. 

The oolitic limestones of Warren County; Ky. Geol. Survey, 
4th Ser., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, 1913, pp. 1037-1051. 



336 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


D 

42. DALE, T. N. 

The granites of Maine; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 313, 

1907. 

43. DALE, T. N. 

The chief commercial granites of Massachusetts, New Hamp¬ 
shire and Rhode Island; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 354, 

1908. 

44. DALE, T. N. 

The granites of Vermont; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 415, 

1909. 

45. DALE, T. N. 

The commercial marbles of western Vermont; Bull. U. S. 
Geol. Survey, No. 521, 1912. 

46. DALE, T. N. 

The commercial marbles of eastern Vermont; Bull. U. S. 
Geol. Survey, No. 589. 

47. DALE, T. N. 

On the structure and age of the Stockbridge limestone in 
the Vermont Valley; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 3, 1891, 
pp. 514-519. 

48. DALE, T. N. 

Structural details in the Green Mountain region and in 
eastern New York; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 195, 1902. 

49. DALE, T. N. 

The slate belt of eastern New York and western Vermont; 
U. S. Geol. Survey, 19th Ann. Rpt., Pt. 3, pp. 153-307, 1899. 

50. DALE, T. N. 

Slate deposits and the slate industry of the United States; 
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 275, 1906. 

51. DALE, T. N., and OTHERS. 

Slate in the United States; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 
586, 1914. 

52. DALY, R. A. 

The geology of Ascutney Mountain, Vt.; Bull. U. S. Geol. 
Survey, No. 209, 1903. 

53. DANA, J. D. 

An account of the discoveries in Vermont geology of the 
Rev. Augustus Wing; Am. Jour. Sci., 3rd Ser., Vol. 13, 1877, 
pp. 332-347, 405-419. 

54. DANA, J. D. 

On the relations of the geology of Vermont to that of Berk¬ 
shire; Am. Jour. Sci., 3rd Ser., Vol. 14, 1877, pp. 37-40, 132- 
140, 203-207, 257-264. 

55. DARRAS, M. 

La Marbrerie, Paris, 1912. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUILDING STONES 337 


56. DARTON, N. H. 

Staunton, folio No. 14, Geol. Atlas U. S.; U. S. Geol. Sur¬ 
vey, 1894. 

57. DARTON, N. H. 

Marbles of White Pine County, Nev., near Landy, Utah; 
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 340, pp. 377-380. 

58. DAVIES, D. C. 

A treatise on slate and slate quarrying, scientific, practical 
and commercial, 3rd Edition, London, 1887. 

59. DAY, A. W. 

The marble quarries of Carrara, Italy; Sci. Am., Nov. 26, 
1907. 

60. DAY, A. W., and Z. W. 

The blasting of rocks in mines, quarries, tunnels, etc.; 
London, 1898. 

61. DAY, A. W., and Z. W. 

The principles of rock blasting and their general applica¬ 
tions; London, 1898. 

62. DAY, D. T. 

Report on the mineral industries in the United States at the 
Eleventh Census, 1892, pp. 621-630. 

63. DAY, W. C. 

Marble; Eighteenth Ann. Rpt. U. S. Geol. Survey, Pt. 5 
continued, 1897, pp. 975-992. 

64. DAY, W. C. 

Marble; Twentieth Ann. Rpt. U. S. Geol. Survey, Pt. 6 
continued, 1899, pp. 405, 406, 447, 455. 

65. DAY, W. C. 

Stone; Min. Res. U. S. Twenty-first and prior Ann. Rpt. 
U. S. Geol. Survey, 1900. 

66. DELEPINE, G. 

Recherch.es sur le calcaire carbonifere de la Belgique, 
Paris, 1911. 

67. DEWEY, CHESTER. 

Notice of the flexible or elastic marble of Berkshire County; 
Am. Jour. Sci., 1st Ser., Vol. 9, 1825, p. 241. 

68. DIEULAFAIT,-. 

Existence du manganese a l’etat de diffusion complete dans 
les marbres bleus de Carrare, de Paros et des Pyrenees; 
Compt. Rend., Vol. 98, 1884, pp. 589-591. 

69. DIEULAFAIT,-. 

Manganese dans les marbres cipolins de la formation 
primordiale; Consequences geolgiques; Compt. Rend., Vol. 
98, 1884, pp. 634-636. 

70. DILLER, J. S. 

The educational series of rock specimens collected and 
distributed by the United States Geological Survey; Bull. 
U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 150, 1898, pp. 299-301. 





338 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


E 

71. ECKEL, E. C. 

Building stones and clays, their origin, characters and 
examination; New York, 1912. 

72. ECKEL, E. C. 

The slate deposits of California and Utah; U. S. Geol. Sur¬ 
vey Bull., No. 225, 1910. 

73. EDSON, G. E. 

Geology of the town of Swanton; Sixth Rpt. State Geologist 
of Vermont, 1908, pp. 217-219. 

« - 

74. EGENTER, PAUL. 

Die Marmorlagerstatten Karntens; Zeitschr. prakt. Geo- 
logie, Vol. 17, 1909, pp. 419-439, PI. V. 

75. EGLESTONE, THOMAS. 

The cause and prevention of the decay of building stone; 
Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Engr., Vol. 15, 1886. 

F 

76. FERGUSON, E. G. W. 

Peach Botton state deposits, Pennsylvania; Min. World, 
Vol. 33, pp. 183-184, 1910. 

77. FOERSTE, A. F. 

Chemical study of the Trenton and Stones River rocks in 
Central Kentucky; Kentucky Geol. Survey, 4th Series, Vol. 
1, pp. 387-439, 1913. 

78. FOERSTE, A. F. 

Silurian and Devonian limestones of Tennessee and Ken¬ 
tucky; Geol. Soc. Ann. Bull., Vol. 12, pp. 395-444, 1901. 

79. FOERSTE, A. F. 

Silurian and Devonian formations of western Tennessee; 
Jour. Geol., Vol. 11, pp. 554-583, 1903. 

80. FOERSTE, A. F. 

Silurian, Devonian and Irvine formations of east central 
Kentucky; Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 7, 1906. 

81. FOX, H. 

The variegated slates of North Cornwall, England. 1906. 

G 

82. GEIKIE, ARCHIBALD. 

Rock weathering as illustrated in the Edinburgh Church¬ 
yards; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 10, 1880, pp. 518-532. 

83. GEIKIE, ARCHIBALD. 

Geological sketches at home and abroad, London, 1882. 

84. GEIKIE, ARCHIBALD. 

Textbook of geology, 4th Ed., 1903. Vol. 1, p. 402 Vol 2 
p. 772. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUILDING STONES 


339 


85. GIAMPAOLI, A. 

I marmi di Carrara, Pisa, 1897. 

86. GORDON, C. H. 

The marbles of Tennessee; Tennessee Geol. Survey, 1911. 

87. GRUBENMANN, U. 

Die Kristallinen Schiefer, 2nd Ed., Berlin, 1910. 

H 

88. HAGER, A. D. 

The marbles of Vermont, 1858. 

89. HALL, JAMES. 

An account of a series of experiments, showing the effects 
of compression in modifying the action of heat; Trans. 
Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. .6, 1812, pp. 71-185. 

90. HARKER, ALFRED. 

Petrology for students, an introduction to the study of 
rocks under the microscope, 4th Ed., Cambridge, 1908. 

91. HARPER, R. M. 

Resources of southern Alabama; Ala. Geol. Survey, Spec. 
Rpt. No. 11, 1920. 

92. HARRIS, G. F. 

Granite and our granite industries. London, 1888. 

93. HATCH, F. H. 

Dolomitization in the marble of Port Shepstone (Natal); 
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 66, 1910, pp. 507-522. 

94. HAWES, G. W. 

Limestones and marbles; Tenth Census U. S., Vol. 10, 1884, 
pp. 27, 28. 

95. HAYES, A. A. 

On Serpentine rock; Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. 21, 1856, 
pp. 382-385. 

96. HAYES, A. A. 

The so-called verd-antique marble from Roxbury, Vermont; 
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, 1856, pp. 26Q-263. 

97. HERRMANN, O. 

Steinbruch-industrie und Steinbruch-geologie, Berlin, 1899. 

98. HIRSCHWALD, J. 

Die Prufund der naturlichen Bausteine auf ilire Wetter- 
bestandigkeit, Berlin, 1908. 

99. HIRSCHWALD, J. 

Gesteins-untersuchungen; Mitt, mineral.-geol. Inst. Techn. 
Hochschule, Berlin, 1910, pp. 1-24. 

100. HITCHCOCK, C. H. 

The Winooski marble of Colchester, Vermont; Proc. Am. 
Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 16, 1867. 







340 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


101. HITCHCOCK, C. H. 

Roofing slates in Maine, Preliminary Report; Nat. Hist, and 
Geol. of Maine, pp. 316-319, 1861. 

102. HITCHCOCK, C. H. 

Geological sections across New Hampshire and Vermont; 
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, 1884. 

103. HOPKINS, T. C. 

Marbles and other limestones; Ann. Rpt. Geol. Survey of 
Arkansas, Vol. 4, 1893. 

104. HOPKINS, T. C. 

The carboniferous sandstones of western Indiana; 1896. 

105. HOPKINS, T. C. 

The building materials of Pennsylvania brownstones; 1896. 

106. HOFFMANN, L. 

Die Marmolager von Auerbach an der Bergstrasse in geolo- 
gischer, mineralogischer und technischer Beziehung 
Abhandl. Grossherzogl. hessischen geolog. Landesanstalt, 
Darmstadt, Vol. 2, Pt. 3, 1894. 

107. HOWE, J. A. 

The geology of building stones, London, 1910. 

108. HULL, EDWARD. 

A treatise on the building and ornamental stones of Great 
Britain and foreign countries, London, 1910. 

109. HUMPHREY, H. L. 

Fire-resistive properties of various building materials; Bull. 
U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 370, 1909. 

I 

110. INOSTRANZEFF,-VON. 

Untersuchung von Kalksteinen und Dolomiten; Jalirb. 
IC.-k. geol. Reiclisanstalt, Tschermaks min. Mitt., Vol. 22, 
1872, pp. 45-51. 

J 

111. JACKSON, A. W. 

Building stones of California; Ann. Rpt. State Mineralogist, 
188S. 

112. JACOBS, E. C. 

Talc and the talc deposits of Vermont; Ann. Rpt. State 
Geologist, 1914. 

113. JACOBS, E. C. 

The talc and serpentine deposits of Vermont; Ann. Rpt. 
State Geologist, 1916. 

114. JILLSON, W. R. 

Geologic map of Kentucky, Kentucky Geol. Survey, Ser. .0, 
1920. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUILDING STONES 


341 


115. JILLSON, W. R. 

An administrative report for tlie years of 1920-1921; Ken¬ 
tucky Geol. Survey, Ser. 6, Yol. 6, No. 1, 1921. 

116. JILLSON, W. R. 

Recent mineral production in Kentucky; Kentucky Geol. 
Survey, Ser. 6, Vol. 6, No. 10, 1921. 

117. JILLSON, W. R. 

Mineral resources of Kentucky; Kentucky Geol. Survey, 
Ser. 6, Vol. 17, 1923. 

118. JULIEN, A. A. 

The durability of building stones; Tenth Census U. S., Vol. 
10, 1884, pp. 366-367. 

119. JULIEN, A. A. 

The decay of the building stones of New York City; Trans. 
New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 2, 1882-1883, pp. 67-79, 120-138. 

K 

120. KEITH, ARTHUR. 

Tennessee marbles; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 213, 1902. 

121. KEMP, J. F. 

Handbook of rocks, 4th Ed., New York, 1908. 

L 

122. LE CHATELIER, H. 

Sur la fusion du carbonate de chaux; Compt. Rend., Vol. 
115, 1892. 

123. LEE, A. 

Marble and marble workers, 1887. 

124. LEIGHTON, H. 

Slate (Industry) in New York in 1909; N. Y. State Mus. 
Bull. 142, 1910. 

125. LEPSIUS, G. R. 

Greichische Marmorstiulien; Anhang Abhandl. K. Akad. 
Wiss. Berlin, 1890. - 

126. LEPSIUS, G. R. 

Geologie von Attika—ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom Meta- 
morphismus der Gesteine, Berlin, 1893. 

127. LEWIS, J. V. 

Building stones of New Jersey; New Jersey Geol. Survey, 
1908. 

128. LINNEY, W. M. 

Reports on the geology of the different counties; Kentucky 
Geol. Survey, 1882-1889. 

129. LITTLE, H. P. 

List of manuscript bibliographies in geology and mineral¬ 
ogy; National Research Council, No. 27, Washington,’1922. 




342 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


130. LONGCHAMBON, -. 

Sur la sedimentation carbonatee et la genese des dolomies 
dans la ehaine pyreneenne. Sur le role de la magnesie 
dans les cycles sedimentaires; Comptes. Rendus. Ac. Sc. 
Vol. 158, 1914. 

131. LOUGHRIDGE, R. N. 

Geology of Clinton County; Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1890. 

M 

132. McCALLEY, HENRY. 

The Coosa Valley region; Report on the valley regions of 
Alabama, Pt. 2; Ala. Geol. Survey, 1897. 

133. McCALLIE, S. W. 

A preliminary report on the marbles of Georgia; Bull. Geol. 
Survey of Georgia, 1897. 

134. McCALLIE, S. W. 

Mineral resources of Georgia; Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 
No. 23, 1910. 

135. McCALLIE, S. W. 

Limestone and marls of the Coastal Plain of Georgia; 
Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. No. 21. 

136. MANLEY, J. E. 

Rutland County marble, with a history of the marble indus¬ 
try of Vermont and a statement of comparative value; 1st 
Ann. Rpt. Vt. State Board of Agr. Man. and Min., 1872, pp. 
656-6-66. 

137. MARTELLI, A. 

Note geologico-minerarie sulle fomazione marmifere del 
Monte Corchia; Rass. Miner, Vol. 36, No. 4, Turin, 1912. 

138 MATHER, W. W. 

First Geological report on Kentucky; Kentucky Geol. Sur¬ 
vey, 1838. 

139. MATHEWS, E. B. 

An account of the character and distribution of Maryland 
building stones, Vol. 2, Maryland Geol. Survey, 1898. 

140. MATHEWS, E. B. 

The granite quarries of Maryland; Rpt. Maryland Geol. 
Survey, Vol. 2, 1898. 

141. MATHEWS, E. B., and GRASTY, E. S. 

Report on the limestones of Maryland; Vol. 8, Pt. 3, Mary¬ 
land Geol. Survey, 1909. 

142. MERRILL, F. J. H. 

Building stones of New York; Mineral Industry, Vol. 3, 1894. 

143. MERRILL, G. P. 

A treatise on rocks, rock weathering and soils; New York 
1906. 




- BIBLIOGRAPHY OP BUILDING STONES 


343 


144. MERRILL, G. P. 

Stones for building and decoration; New York, 3rd Ed., 1908. 

.145. MERRILL, G. P., and MATHEWS, E. B. 

The building and decorative stones of Maryland, containing 
an account of their properties and distribution; Maryland 
Geol. Survey, Vol. 2, Pt. 2, 1898, pp. 203-240, 324-340. 

146. MIDDLETON, G. A. 

Building materials; London, 1905. 

147. MILLER, A. M. 

Geology of Fayette County; Rpt. Com. Agr. Ky. for 1901, pp. 
93, 94. 

148. MILLER, A. M. 

Geology of Franklin County; Kentucky Geol. Survey, Ser. 
4, Vol. 2, Pt. 3, 1914. 

149. MILLER, A. M. 

Geology of the Georgetown Quadrangle; Kentucky Geol. 
Survey, Ser. 4, Vol. 2, Pt. 1, 1913, pp. 317-386. 

150. MILLER, A. M. 

The Geology of Kentucky; Kentucky Geol. Survey, Ser. 5, 
Bull. 2, 1919. 

151. MORSE, W. C., and FOERSTE, A. F. 

The Waverlian formations of east central Kentucky; Ken¬ 
tucky Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 16, Ser. No. 19, 1912. 

N 

152. NASH, J. P. 

Texas Granites; Bull. Univ. of Tex. No. 1725, 1917. 

153. NEVINS, J. N. 

Fibrous talc in St. Lawrence County, New York; Eng. and 
Min. Jour., Vol. 67, pp. 234-235, 1899. 

154. NEVINS, J. N. 

The talc industry of St. Lawrence County, New York; 51st 
Ann. Rpt. N. Y. State Mus., 1899. 

155. NEWBERRY, J. S. 

Building and ornamental stones; Repts. and awards U. S. 
Centennial Com. International Exhib., 1876, Vol. 3, groups 
1, 2, 1880, pp. 130-160. 

156. NEWLAND, D. H. 

The mining and quarry industry of New York State; Bull. 
N. Y. State xMus. No. 93, 1905; No. 120, 1908; No. 152, 1909. 

157. NEWLAND, D. H. 

The mineral resources of the State of New York; N. Y. 
State Mus. Bulls. Nos. 223, 224, 1921. 

158. NORWOOD, C. J. 

Report on the progress of the Survey for 1910-1911; Ken¬ 
tucky Geol. Survey, 1912. 



344 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


O 

159. OSCHATZ, -. 

The microscopic texture of marble; Zeitschr. Deutsch, Geol. 
Gesell, Vol. 7, 1855. 

160. OWEN, D. D. 

Stratigraphic geology, treating of the geology of many 
counties; Kentucky Geol. Survey, 3rd Rpt., 1857. 

P 

161. PACK, R. W. 

Ornamental marble near Barstow, California; Bull. U. S. 
Geol. Survey No. 540, 1914. 

162. PAIGE, SIDNEY. 

Marble prospects in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona; 
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 380, 1909, pp. 299-311. 

1-63. PARKS, W. A. 

The building stones of the Province of Ontario, Canada; 
Can. Mines Branch, Vol. 1, Rpt. No. 100, 1912. 

164. PARKS, W. A. 

The building stones of the Maritime Provinces, Canada; 
Can. Mines Branch, Vol. 2, Rpt. No. 203, 1914. 

165. PARKS, W. A. 

The building stones of the Province of Quebec, Canada; 
Vol. 3, Rpt. 279, 1914. 

166. PARKS, W. A. 

The building stones of the Western Provinces, Canada; Vol. 
4, Rpt. No. 388, 1916. 

167. PERKINS, G. Ii. 

The Winooski or Wakefield marble of Vermont; Am. Natur¬ 
alist, Vol. 19, 1885, pp. 128-136. 

168. PERKINS, G. H. 

Report on the marble, slate and granite industries of Ver¬ 
mont; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 1898. 

169. PERKINS, G. H. 

Soapstone in Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 1900. 

170. PERKINS, G. H. 

Building and ornamental stones; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 
1902. 

171. PERKINS, G. H. 

Building and ornamental stones; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 
1904. 

172. PERKINS, G. H. 

Building and ornamental stones; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist 
1906. 




BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUILDING STONES 


345 


173. PERKINS, G. H. 

Description of the more improtant varieties of marble and 
granite in Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 1908. 

174. PERKINS, G. H. 

Geology of the Burlington Quadrangle; Rpt. Vt. State Geolo¬ 
gist, 1910. 

175. PERKINS, G. H. 

Mineral resources of Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 
1912. 

176. PERKINS, G. H. 

History of the marble industry in Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State 
Geologist, 1914. 

177. PERKINS, G. H. 

The geology of western Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 
1916. 

178. PERKINS, G. H. 

Detailed study of the Trenton beds, Grand Isle, Vermont; 
Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 1922. 

179. PERRY, G. W. 

The relation of the strength of marble to its structure; Eng. 
and Min. Jour., Vol. *52, 1891, ip. 453. 

180. PETER, A. M. 

Chemical analyses of a large number of building stones, 
Kentucky Agr. Exp. Station; Kentucky Geol. Survey Rpts., 

1888-1922. 

181. PETER, R. M. 

Chemical analyses of a large number of building stones, 
Kentucky Agr. Exp. Station; Kentucky Geol. Survey Rpts., 
1857-1888. 

182. PRATT, J. H. 

Marble and talc of North Carolina; Stone, "V ol. 24, 190^, 
pp. 145-149. 

183. PROCTER, J. R. 

Mineral resources of Kentucky; Eng. and Min. Jour., Vol. 
44, 1887, pp. 372-376. 

184. PROUTY, W. F. 

Crystalline marbles of Alabama; Bull. G. S. A., Vol. 27, No. 
2, 1916. 

185. PROUTY, W. F. 

Marbles of Alabama; Bull. Geol. Survey of Ala., No. 18, 1916. 

186. PURDUE, A. H. 

The slates of Arkansas; Geol. Survey Ark., 1909. 



346 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


R 

187. RATHBUN, J. C. 

Marble in the northwest; Min. World, Vol. 24, 1906. 

188. RENARD, A. F. 

Des caracteres distinctifs de la dolomite et de la calcite 
dans les roches calcaires et dolomitiques du calcaire car- 
bonifere de Belgique; Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Vol. 47, 
1879, pp. 541-563. 

189. RENWICK, W. G. 

Marble and marble working, a handbook for architects, 
sculptors, marble quarry owners and workers, and all 
engaged in the building and decorative industries; London, 
1909. 

190. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

The terranes of Orange County, Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State 
Geologist, 1902. 

191. RICHARDSON, C. II. 

Areal and economic geology of northeastern Vermont; Rpt. 
Vt. State Geologist, 1906. 

192. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

Geology of Newport, Troy and Coventry, Vermont; Rpt. 
Vt. State Geologist, 1908. 

193. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

Asbestos in Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 1910. 

194. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

Asbestos deposits in the New England States; Rep. Can. 
Inst. Min. Eng., 1911. 

195. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

The terranes of Craftsbury, Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geolo¬ 
gist, 1912. 

196. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

The geology of Calais, East Montpelier, Montpelier and 
Berlin, Vermont; Rpt. Vt. Geol. Survey, 1916. 

197. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

Building stones and clays, a handbook for engineers, archi¬ 
tects, sculptors, contractors, quarrymen, and all interested 
in the building and decorative industries; Syracuse, 1917. 

198. RICHARDSN, C. H. 

The terranes of Roxbury, Vermont; Rpt. Vt. Geol. Survey, 
1918. 

199. RICHARDSON, C. H. 

Glass sands of Kentucky, with notes on sandstones used for 
building purposes; Kentucky Geol. Survey, Ser. 6, Vol. 1, 
1920. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUILDING STONES 


347 


200 . 

201 . 

202 . 

203. 

204. 

205. 
20-6. 

207. 

208. 

209. 

210 . 

211 . 

212 . 

213. 

214. 


RICHARDSON, C. H., BRAINERD, A. E., and JONES, D. J. 

The geology and mineralogy of Hardwick and Woodbury, 
Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geologist, 1914. 

RICHARDSON, C. H., and CAMP, S. H. 

The terranes of Northfield, Vermont; Rpt. Vt. State Geol. 
Survey, 1918. 

RICHARDSON, C, H., and CABEEN, C. K. 

The geology and mineralogy of Braintree, Vermont; Rpt. 
Vt. State Geol. Survey, 1920. 

RICHARDSON, C. H., and CABEEN, C. K. 

The geology and petrography of Randolph, Vermont; Rpt. 
Vt. State Geol. Survey, 1922. 

RIES, HEINRICH. 

The limestone quarries of eastern New York, western Ver¬ 
mont, Massachusetts and Connecticut; 7th Ann. Rpt. U. S. 
Geol. Survey, Pt. 3 continued, 1896, pp. 806-810. 

RIES, HEINRICH. 

Building stones and clay products; New York, 1912. 

REIS, HENRICH. 

Economic geology; New York, 1916. 

REIS, H., and WATSON, T. L. 

Engineering geology; New York, 1914. 

RINNE, F. 

Vergleicliende Untersuchungen uber die Methoden zur 
Bestimmung der Druckfestigkeit von Gesteinen, No. 2, 
Neues Jahrb., 1907, Vol. 1, Pt. 2, pp. 45-61; 1909, Vol. 2, 

pp. 121-128. 

RINNE, F. 

Praktische Gesteinskunde, Hanover, 1905. 

ROSENBUSCH, H. 

Elemente der Gesteinslehre; 3rd Ed., Stuttgart, 1910. 

S 

SCHMID, H. 

Die modernen Marmore und Alabaster; Leipzig and Vienna, 
1897. 

SCHMID, H. 

Der pentelische marmor: Der deutsche Steinbildhauer und 
Steinmetz, Vol. 14, No. 5, 1898. Includes a comparison of 
Carrara with Laas statuary. 

SEELEY, H. M. 

The marble fields and marble industry of western New 
England; Papers and Proc. Middlebury Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, 
Pt. 2, 1885. 

SEELEY, H. M. 

The geology of Vermont; The Vermonter, Vol. 5, No. 7, 1901. 




348 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


215. SEIPP, H. 

Italienisclie materialstudien: Forscliungen und Gedanken 
liber Ban und Dekorationsteine Italiens, fur Kunstforscher, 
Kunstfreunde, Studierende, Architekten sowie fur Stein- 
industrielle; Stuttgart, 1911. 

216. SHALER, N. S. 

A general account of the Commonwealth of Kentucky; Ken¬ 
tucky Geol. Survey, New Ser., Vol. 3, 1876. 

217. SHALER, N. S. 

Report of progress for the Geological Survey of Kentucky; 
Kentucky Geol. Survey, New Ser., Vol. 3, 1877. 

218. SHALER, N. S. 

On the improvement of the Rivers of Kentucky; Kentucky 
Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 1, 1879. 

219. SHALER, N. S. 

Slates, description of Quarries and Quarry Regions; 10th 
Census U. S., Vol. 10, Pt. 2, 1880. 

220. SHEDD, S. 

The building and ornamental stones of Washington; Ann. 
Rpt. Washington Geol. Survey, Vol. 3, 1908. 

221. SMITH, R. A. 

Limestones of Michigan; Mich. Geol. Survev, Ser. 17 No 
21, 1916. 

222. SMITH, T. C. 

Slate Quarrying in Wales, 1860. Also two later Editions 

223. SMOCK, J. C. 

Building stones in the State of New York; Bull. No. 3 
N. Y. State Mus., 1888. 

224. SMOCK, J. C. 

Building stones in New York; Bull. No. 10, N. Y. State 
Mus., 1890. 

225. SMYTH, C. H. 

Report on a preliminary examination of the general and 
economic geology of four townships in St. Lawrence and 
Jefferson counties, New York; Ann. Rpt. N. Y. State Mus., 
Vol. 47, 1894, pp. 687-709. 

226. SMYTH, C. H. 

Report oi the talc industry of St. Lawrence County, New 
^ ork; 15th Ann. Rpt. N. Y. State Geologist, Vol. 1 1897 

227. SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 

Tennessee marble industry; No. 5, Vol. 11, 1906 
228 SPEER, F. W. 

Quarry methods, marble; Tenth Census U. S., Vol. 10 1884 
229. STE1NHAUSER,-. 

Dei Tii oler marmor und seine Eigenschaften in technischer 
Beziehung; Verhandl. K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt, 1870, pp. 
207-209. 





BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BUILDING STONES 


349 


230. 


231. 


232. 

233. 

234. 


235. 

236. 

237. 

238. 

239. 

240. 

241. 


242. 


243. 


T 

TARR, W. A., and NEUMAN, L. M. 

A study of the effects of heat on Missouri granites; Mis¬ 
souri Univ. Bull., Vol. 15, No. 27, 1914. 

THOMPSON, ZADOCK. 

History of Vermont, natural, civil, and statistical; Burling¬ 
ton, 1842. 

U 

UDDEN, J. A. 

Flattening of limestone gravel boulders by solution; Geol. 
Soc. Am. Bull., Vol. 25, No. 1, March, 1914, pp. 66-68. 

V 

VOGT, J. H. L. 

Norsk Marmor; Norges geol. undersogelse, No. 22, Chris¬ 
tiania, 1897. 

VOGT, J. H. L. 

Der Marmor in Bezug auf seine Geologie, Structur und 
seine mechanischen Eigenschaften; Zeitsclir. prakt, Geol- 
gie, 1898, pp. 4-16, 43-52. 


W 

WATSON, J. 

Building stones; Cambridge University Press, 1911. 
WATSON, T. L. 

A preliminary report on a part of the granites and gneisses 
of Georgia; Bull. 9 A, Georgia Geol. Survey, 1902. 

WATSON, T. L. 

Talc and soapstone in Virginia; Mineral Resources of "Vir¬ 
ginia, Richmond, 1907. 

WATSON, T. L. 

Slate in Virginia; Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 6, 1911. 
WEBB, F. C. 

A titanic blast at Carrara, Italy; Stone, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1908. 
WELLER, STUART. 

Geology of the Golconda Quadrangle; Kentucky Geol. Sur¬ 
vey, Ser. 6, Vol. 4, 1921. 

WELLER, STUART. 

Geology of the Princeton Quadrangle; Kentucky Geol. Sur¬ 
vey, Ser. 6, Vol. 15, 1922. 

WEINSCHENK, E. 

Die Tiroler Marmorlager; Beitschr. prakt. Geologie, Vol. 11, 
1903, pp. 131-147. 

WESTON, H. 

The white marble quarries of Colorado; Min. and Eng. 
World, Apr. 6, 1912. 



350 


THE BUILDING STONES OF KENTUCKY 


244. 

245. 

246. 

247. 

248. 

249. 

250. 

251. 


252. 

253. 

254. 

255. 


WHEDON, M. D. 

New York-Vermont Slate Belt; Stone, Vol. 28, pp. 214-218, 
New York, 1907. 

WIGGLESWORTH, Edward. 

The serpentines of Vermont; Rpt. State Geologist, 1916. 
WILLIS, B. 

The marbles of Hawkins County, Tennessee; School of 
Mines Quarterly, N. Y., Vol. 9, 1888, pp. 112-123. 

WINCHELL, N. H. 

Geology of Minnesota, Vol. 1, Minneapolis, 1884. 

WINSLOW, A. 

An illustration of the flexibility of limestone (white mar¬ 
ble) ; Am. Jour. Sci., 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, 1892, pp. 133-134. 

WITTSTEIN, G. C. 

Untersuchung einiger weisser marmorarten; Buchners 
Repert. Pharmacie, 1851. 

WOLFE, J. E. 

On the Lower Cambrian age of the Stockbridge limestone; 
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 2, 1891, pp. 331-338. 

WRIGHT, C. W. 

The building stones and materials of southeastern Alaska; 
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 345, 1908. 

Y 

YAMAGAWA, KENJIRO. 

Determination of the thermal conductivity of marble; Jour. 
Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ, Japan, Vol. 2, 1888. 

YOUNG, AUGUSTUS. 

Preliminary report on the natural history of Vermont. 
1856. 

Z 

ZACCAGNA, D. 

Una escursione nella regione marmifera del Carrarrese; 
Boll. R. comitato geol. d’ltalia, Rome, Vol. 12, 1881, pp. 
476-501. 

ZIRKEL, FERDINAND. 

Lehrbuch der petrographie, 2nd Ed., Vol. 3, 1894. 



INDEX 


A. Page 


Abrasive purposes . 33 

Actinolite . 9 

Adair County, Ky. 203 

Adirondack limestone . 41 

Aggregation, state of . 18 

Albany . 70 

Albite .... 7 

Albumen . 39 

Allen County, Ky. 204 

Alteration of sediments .... 41 

Alum Rock . 81 

Amphiboles . 9 

Anderson County, Ky. 


55, 109, 260 

Andesine . 7 

Ankerite . 15 

Anorthite . 7 

Aragonite .13, 37 

Archaean . 31 

Arkose . 52 

Asher, Jack, quarry . 51 

Ashland Railroad Station.. 63 

Aspen, Colorado . 43 

Atlas Stone Co. 67 

Aujite . 10 

Aus Sable Forks, N. Y. 17 

B. 

Bacteria . 21 

Baker. George M. 198 

Ballard County, Ky.255, 260 

Bank Josephine . 74 

Barbourville . 77 

Bardstown, Ky.56, 182, 183 

Barren County, Ky. 

34. 37. 74, 205, 328 

Bath County, Ky. Ill 

Bedford, Indiana .2, 45, 74 

Bell County, Ky. 61 

Bethel, Vt. 8 

Bibliography . 333 

Big Sandy River . 79 

Biotite . 8 

Black Mountain . 3 

Bluegrass sections . 1, 109 

Bluestone . 58 

Boone County, Ky. 112 

Boones Creek . 125 

Boone, Daniel, Monument 144 

Bourbon County, Ky.112,263 

Bowling Green, Ky. ..3. 52, 236, 
237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 
242, 261, 328 
Bowling Green oolite . 2 


Page 

Bowling Green quarries .... 236 

Boyd County, Ky.51, 63 

Boyle County, Ky. 115 

Breckinridge County, Ky. 

117, 208, 264 

Bridge work . 33 

Baena Vista . Ill 

Building Stones, life of .... 22 

Building Stones, Minerals 

of . 3 

Building Stones, physical 

properties .. 17 

Building Stones, selection 

of . 23 

Building Stones, testing 

methods ...23, 24, 25 

Building Stones, weather¬ 
ing of ..17, 20 

Bullitt County, Ky.117, 265 

Bunker Hill Monument .... 21 

Butler County, Ky. 249 

Butts, Chas. 216 


C. 

Calcite . 13 

Caldwell County, Ky. 

3, 34, 55, 209, 266 

California . 37 

Calloway County, Ky. 256 

Cannonsburg, .51, 65 

Cannonsburg Arkose . 66 

Carbonates, The .:. 12 

Carboniferous . 45 

Carlisle County, Ky. 255 

Carrara, Italy . 34 

Carroll County, Ky. 119 

Carter County, Ky.66, 266 

Carter, Ky. 68 

Casey County, Ky. 212 

Cave City, Ky. 328 

Cedar Bluff . 53 

Central Kentucky . 1 

Chapman Quarry . 79 

Chara . 39 

Chatham, Canada . 35 

Chemical Properties . 19 

Chlorite .. 11 

Christian County, Ky. 212 

Chrysolite Group .:. 11 

Clark County, Ky. 120, 268, 269 

Clarke, F. W.31, 44 

Clay County, Ky. 69 

Clays Ferry . 123 

Clearfork . 62 















































































352 


INDEX 


Page 

Cliff . 74 

Cliffside Bluff . 64 

Clinton County, Ky. 69 

Color . 17 

Colossal Cavern . 217 

Compression . 20 

Coons, A. T. 328 

Coquina . 36 

Corals ..;. 39 

Cottage Furnace . 72 

Covington, Ky. 165 

Craftsburg, Vermont . 9 

Cretaceous formations . 31 

Crinoidal limestone . 40 

Crittenden County, Ky.3, 215 

Cumberland County, Ky. 216 

Cuyahoga formation . 82 

Cynthiana, Ky. 53, 148, 149, 150 

D. 

Dam work . 33 

Darnell, Paul D. 186 

Daviess County, Ky. .. 250 

Day, W. C.32, 328 

Density . 18 

Diller, J. S. 71 

Dolomites .. 13 , 33 , 42 

Dolomite tests . 44 

Dykes . 4 

Dykes of Elliott County .... 3 

E. 

East Long Meadow, Mass. 17 

Eastern Kentucky .1, 61 

Edmonson County, Ky. 

36, 37, 217, 249, 270 

Elginshire, Scotland . 31 

Elkhorn City, Ky. 86 

Enstatite . 10 

Epidote Group . 11 

Estill County, Ky. 35,70,71,275 
Estes Quarry . 54 


Fayette County, Ky. 122,123, 271 

Feldspars . 6 

Fighting Creek . 77 

Fitzpatrick, H. H. 72 

Fleming County, Ky.58, 131 

Flemingsburg, Ky. 58 

Florida .37, 40 

Floyd County, Ky. 72 

Foundations . 33 

Frankfort, Ky.140, 141 

142, 143, 204, 275 

Franklin County, Ky. 135 

Friction . 22 

Frost . 21 


G. Page 

Gallatin County, Ky. 1$6 

Garnett . 16 

Garrard County, Ky. 146 

Garrison . 68 

General Refractories Co. 68 

Georgetown .53, 57, 191 

Githens system . 32 

Glass Sands . 1 

Governor’s Mansion . 145 

Granites . 3 

Grant County, Ky. 147 

Graves County, Ky. 256 

Grayson County, Ky. 67, 219, 249 

Great Salt Lake . 38 

Green County, Ky. 221 

Green River Quarry. 237 

Greenup County, Ky. 74 

Gregory, John B. 68 

Greywacke . 30 

Grooved face . 46 

Gypsum . 13 

H. 

Hammered finished . 47 

Hammered face . 46 

Hancock County, Ky. 250 

Hardin County, Ky. 

36, 52, 223, 276 

Hardness . 15 

Harkins, Mrs. Josie . 72 

Harkins, Walter H. 72 

Harkins Law Office . 73 

Harlan County, Ky. 75 

Harrison County, Ky. ....53, 148 

Hart County, Ky. 37, 223 

Helimeda . 37 

Mematite . 15 

Henderson County, Ky. 250, 277 

Henry County, Ky. 150 

Hereford Farm . 199 

High Bridge Quarry . 161 

High Bridge Stage . 122 

Hickman County, Ky. 256 

Hitchins, Ky. 67 

Hodge, James H. 69 

Hopkins County, Ky. 250 

Hornblende . 9 

Hudnall, J. S. 80 

Huntington, W. Va. 68 

Hydrous Silicates .. 11 

Hypersthene . 10 

I. 

Index . 351 

Induration . 22 

Ingleside . 138 

Introduction . 1 


























































































INDEX 


353 


J. Page 

Jackson County, Ky. 75 

Jackson Purchase .... 1, 249, 255 
Jessamine County, Ky. ..161, 280 

Jefferson County, Ky.151, 278 

Johnson County, Ky. 75 

K. 

Katterjohn Quarry . 210 

Kelseville, N. Y. (Before p. 31) 

Kenton Furnace . 74 

Kentucky Bluestone Co. 58 

Kentucky Geological Sur¬ 
vey . 3, 48 

Kentucky River District .... 325 

Kentucky River Marble 123, 175 

Kentucky River Fault . 122 

Kimberlite, South Africa ... 71 

Kise Station . 79 

Knob Counties . 109 

Knobs . 1 

Knott County, Ky. 76 

Knox County, Ky. 76 

Knox System . 32 

L. 

Labradorite . 7 

Langford . 58 

Lanhan, Thomas . 73 

Loughridge, R. H. 69 

Laurel County, Ky.77, 225 

Laurel Hill . 65 

Lawrence County, Ky.77, 79 

Lawton . 68 

Lebanon, Ky. .. 170 

Lepidomelane . 9 

Leslie County, Ky. 80 

Letcher County, Ky. 80 

Lewis County, Ky.81, 82 

Lewis System . 32 

Lexington, Ky. 

128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 226 

Libby-Owens Glass Co. 67 

Limestones . 33 

Limonite . 16 

Lincoln County, Ky. 166 

Livingston County, Ky. 3, 77 

Logan County, Ky. 

54, 227, 228, 229 
Louisa, Ky. 78 


Louisville, Ky.152, 153, 154, 

155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 

M. 

Madison County, Ky.167, 282 

Magnitite . 15 

Magoffin County, Ky. 85 

Mammoth Cave, Ky.36, 224 

Mammoth Cave limestone.. 203 


Page 

Manchester, Ky. 69 

Mansfield, England . 43 

Marbles . 33 

Marble, Mottled . 56 

Marbles, analyses of . 259 

Marbles, industrial facts 

about . 45 

Marbles, specimens of . 48 

Marbleization .. 40 

Marcasite . 14 

Marion County, Ky. 54 

Marshall County, Ky. 258 

Martin County, Ky. 84 

Mason County, Ky. 172 

May, L. P. 73 

Mayo, Anna, quarry . 73 

Mayo College .75, 76 

Meade County, Ky. ..35, 231, 285 

Menifee County, Ky. 84 

Mercer County, Ky. 175 

Merrill, G. P. 31 

Metcalfe County, Ky. 232 

Mexican Onyx ...218, 224 

Mexico . 37 

Micas . 8 

Michigan . 39 

Middlesboro, Ky.62, 63, 75 

Midland Trail .67, 68 

Miller, Prof. A. M. 109 

Minerals, description of .... 5 

Minerals, the non-essential 14 

Minerva Mountain . 72 

Miscellaneous work . 33 

Mississippian Formations .. 31 

Mississippian Outcrops . 1 

Monroe County, Ky. 232 

Montgomery County, Ky. .. 176 

Morgan County, Ky. 289 

Morris, W. C. 81 

Morris Mt. 89 

Mt. Ascutney . 17 

Muhlenberg County, Ky. 252 

Muscovite . 8 

McCracken County, Ky. .. 257 

McCreary County, Ky. 84 

McLean County, Ky. 252 

N. 

Nelson County, Ky. 

19, 56, 181, 294 

Nephelite Group . 11 

Nevada . 38 

New Jersey . 38 

N. Y. Central . 39 

Nicholas County, Ky.185, 295 

Nordmark, Norway . 17 

Norwood . 56. 














































































354 


INDEX 


0. • Page 

Oceanic Ooze . 40 

Ohio County, Ky.253, 296 

Oldham County, Ky.187, 297 

Oligoclase . 7 

Olive Hill Limestone Co. 66 

Olive Hill, Ky.67, 68 

Onyx Cave, Ky. 36 

' Oolitic Limestone . 35 

Ordovician . 45 

Oregon Formation . 123 

Owen County, Ky. 187 

P. 

Paducah, Ky. 257 

Paint Creek . 75 

Paintsville, Ky. 75 

Peach Orchard .. 73 

Pendleton County, Ky. 188 

Peridotites . 71 

Perryville, Ky. 195 

r Perry County, Ky. 86 

Peter, Dr. A. M. 1, 259 

Peter, Dr. Robert . 259 

Phelps, G. T. 249 

Phlogopite . 8 

Physical agencies . 21 

Pike County, Ky. 86 , 298 

Pikeville, Ky. 86 

Pilot Knob .179, 225 

Pineville, Ky. 31 

Pine Mountain Fault 51, 75, 80 

Plagioclase . 7 

Poindexter Quarry . 53 

Polish Face . 47 

Powell County, Ky.89, 299 

Prestcnsburg, Ky.72, 73, 74 

: Pulaski County, Ky.56, 90 

Pyrite . 1 , 14 

Pyroxenes . 10 

Q. 

'Quartz . 6 

Quarrying . 19 

Quincy, Mass. 10 

R. 

Railroad work . 33 

Raswick, Mrs. 77 

Rhone delta . 37 

Richmond, Ky.168, 169 

Rift and Grain . 19 

Robertson County, Ky. 189 

Rockcastle County, Ky. 

17, 31, 59, 94, 291 

Rockcastle River . 77 

.Rock Face . 46 


Page 

Rowan County, Ky. 

31, 58, 96, 315 


Rowan County Freestone .. 73 

Russell County, Ky. 232 

Russell, P. G. 69 

Russellville, Ky. 1.54, 230 

S. 

Saccharoidal Marble . 35 

Saltpeter Quarry . 79 

Sampson, F. D. 77 

Sandstones .. 28 

Sandstones, analyses of . 259 

Sawed Face . 47 

Scott County, Ky.53, 57, 189 

Sedimentation . 27 

Serpentine . 12 

Sexton Creek . 69 

Shelby County, Ky. 192 

Siderite . 15 

Silman’s quarry .. 52 

Simpson County, Ky.233, 317 

Slim Island quarry . 243 

Skinner’s Mill . 122 

Smith’s quarry . 57 

Smooth Face . 47 

Snyder Bros... 79 

Solenhofen, Bavaria . 35 

South Africa . 71 

South Portsmouth . 74 

Sparks, J. W. 154 

Specific Gravity . 18 

Spencer County, Ky. 193 

Sprague, R. G. 51 

Springfield ..195, 196 

Stafford, Bud . 75 

Stanton . 89 

Stsphensburg .52, 222 

Stewart, Dr. Jno. P. -. 146 

Street work . 33 

Summit Herd . 65 

Superstructures .. 33 

Syracuse University . 2 

T. 

Taylor, L. 0. 204 

Taylor County, Ky. 233 

Tennessee . 31 

Terrell, Prof. D. V.180, 325 

Tertiary . 45 

Texture . 18 

Thomas, Dr. Harry . 224 

Todd County, Ky. 254 

Transverse Strength . 20 

Tremolete . 9 
























































































INDEX 


355 


p^g0 

Trigg County, Ky. .233, 318 

Trimble County, Ky.193, 319 

Troy, Vt. 43 

Tug Fork . 79 

Tuggle, Jude, quarry . 77 

Tyrone . 55 

Tyrone Formation . 325 

Tyrone quarry .109, 175 

U. 

Ulm, Bavaria . 43 

Union County, Ky.254, 320 

U. S. Geological Survey .... 71 

V. 

Van Antwerp, Dr., quarry 74 

Vanceburg . 81 

Vegetation . 21 


W. Page 

Warren County, Ky.235, 320 

Washington County, Ky. 194 

Wayne County, Ky.104, 321 

Webster County, Ky. 254 

Western Coal Field . 1, 249 

Whitley County, Ky. 106 

Willard . 69 

Wilmore, Ky. 164 

Wilmore quarry . 163 

Winchester Formation . 121 

Wolfe County, Ky. 106 

Woodford County, Ky. ..197, 322 


X. 

Y. 

Z. 





































































